Computers for

Managers
Computer systems
Basic Computer
operations
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What is
computer
Electronic

device used to

Benefits of
using
computers

store,

Speed

retrieve,

Accuracy

and
manipulate the data

Consistency
Storage

capacity

and
Flexibility
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History of Computers
Charles

Babbage - father of computer

1800s planned analytical engine

ENIAC

- developed at end of WW II
1951 - 1963 1st and 2nd generation
very large, used unreliable vacuum tubes

1963

- present - 3rd and 4th generation

smaller, faster - use transistors and integrated

circuits, VLSI(MICRO PROCESSER )

3

The Basic Components

CONTROL
UNIT

ALU

INPUT UNIT

CPU
MEMORY
SYSTEM UNIT

OUTPUT UNIT

Computer Operations
Block Diagram of Computer

Control
Input

Primary Storage
(RAM,ROM)

Output

CPU

External Storage
Hard disk, CD, Floppy, Magnetic tape, Pen drive
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Input devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Joystick

Output devices:
Monitor
Printer
Plotter

Input Devices - Keyboard

Most

commonly used input device

Ergonomic
Special

(Primary input device)

- fit natural hand placement

keys

Enter, Function, Ctrl, Alt, Num Lock, Esc

Input Devices - Mouse

Controls

cursor on

screen
May

be mechanical or
optical

Most

models have a
wheel for scrolling
Or Light sensing
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Input Devices - Other

Pointers (replaces mouse on notepads)
Track point, track ball, touch pad
Scanner
Digital

: Flatbed scanner, portable scanner.

camera

Touch

screen

Voice

: Microphone
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Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Speaker
Disk

Drive

Can also be input device

Modem
Can also be input device
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Monitors
Made

up of tiny
elements called pixels
Each row of pixels is
called a scan line
Picture is displayed by
an electronic beam
lighting up certain
pixels
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Monitors - Resolution
Resolution

is how sharp and clear the

picture is
How

many scan lines on the screen

640 x 480 is low resolution

1600 x 1200 is high resolution

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Monitors - Sizes
Screen

measured diagonally

May also measure actual viewing area

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or 15 on bargain systems

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has become the standard

19

and 21 available but are more

expensive.
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Monitors - LCD
Liquid

Crystal Display
Similar to digital watch
Used for notebook computers
Also used in flat screen monitors
Much thinner than regular CRT monitor
More expensive than regular CRT monitor

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Monitors - Video Card

Processes

info to send to monitor

Amount of video memory may speed up
graphic intensive programs
32 megs general purpose
128 or more megs graphic intensive use

AGP port

can speed up graphics

3D accelerator card improves graphics
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Printers
Laser
Ink

Jet

Dot

Matrix
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Printers - Laser
Works

similar to a copy machine

Color printers available but more expensive

Fast,

quite, with excellent quality

More

expensive to buy and operate

Some

units scan, photocopy, and print

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Printers - Ink Jet

Spread

small jet of ink onto paper to form

characters

Replaced

dot matrix

Quiet
Does

good job on color

Good

quality and reliability

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Printers - Dot Matrix

Strikes

pins against ribbon to print

Comes

in 9 and 24 pin

Once

very popular

Now

replaced by ink jet and laser

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Printers - Speed
Measured
Laser

in pages per minute (PPM)

printers range from 20-45 ppm

Color printing is slower

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Printers - Quality of Print

One

measure is dots per inch (DPI)

300 dpi for general purpose uses

600 dpi for higher quality
1200 dpi for photo quality

May

have different vertical and horizontal

resolution
600 x 300

Other

factors can affect quality

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Storage Devices
Hard

Disk
Floppy Disk
Optical Disk
Compact Disk
Digital Versatile Disc
Pen Drive
Memory Card
Yet to come { ? }
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Floppy Disks
All systems now only have 3 1/2
HD

- High density - comes on all current

systems
3 1/2 - 1.44 megs

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Hard Disk
Built

into machine
Made up of stack of platters
Can store much more than floppy
drives
40 gigabytes should be minimum
Can

access info much faster than

floppy drive
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OPTICAL DISKS
Optical

disk use laser technology to Provide

high capacity storage.
CD & DVD is Optical disks
Todays standard is CD.
Tomorrows will be DVD.
Come in different speeds - 20x, - 50x
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COMPACT DISK (CD)

CD-ROM

: Which stands for compact discread only memory

CD-R
: Which stand for CD-recordable
CD-RW : Compact disc rewritable.
Allows you to write to both CD and DVD disk
Still somewhat expensive

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DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC

(DVD)
Digital

versatile Disk

Can

store up to 17 GB

Can

store full-length movies

Can

also read CD-ROM disk

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Storage Devices - Other

USB

drive (Pen drive)

Very popular 64 MB to 4 GB

Tape drive (magnetic tape)

Similar to cassette tape but outdated
Used for backup

Zip

drive ( higher capacity of floppy disk)

100 MB to 2 GB capacity
Everyday use and backup

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SYSTEM BOARD
The

system board also known as the main board or

motherboard.
All the components of the computer ie chips and
microprocessors are mounted on the motherboard.
Major ports for input and output as well as RAM
and processor are mounted on this board.
The system board connects all system components
and allows input and output devices to
communicate with the system unit.
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Central Processing Unit

CPU Also
Is

the brains of the computer

Performs
It

called processor or Microprocessor

all computer operations

has two basic components: Control Unit And

Arithmetic & Logical Unit

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Basic Processing Cycle

Central
Processing
Unit

Data
Bus

Internal
Memory

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Internal Memory - RAM

RAM

- Random Access Memory

CPU can access any location as quickly as any other
Temporary or volatile storage

Can

not only read current info but also write new info

Very

important in determining capabilities of the

computer system

Flash ram, Virtual memory,Ram cache.

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Internal Memory - ROM

ROM

- Read Only Memory

Can read info Stored in ROM

Can not write new info into ROM

Used

for internal workings of computer

Buyer

is not very concerned with ROM

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Internal Memory -CMOS

A complementary

metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)

It

contains essential information that is required every

time the computer system is turned on.

The

chip supplies such information as the amount of

Ram, type of keyboard, mouse, monitor, and disk
drives

It

power by battery so does not lose its contents when

power turned off.
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With this we end the basics of

computers.
Thank you.

- Sarang Javkhedkar

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Classification of Computers
Super Computer
Mainframe Computer
Minicomputer
Microcomputer

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Supercomputers
Most

powerful
Fastest
Most expensive
Several million dollars each

Used

only by

Governmental agencies
Large international corporations
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Mainframes
Very

powerful

Very

fast

Used

by large corporations and

governmental agencies (LIC)

Operated

by computer specialist
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Minicomputers
Size

of filing cabinet

Used

by small and medium size companies

and institutions
Operated

by computer specialist

Terminals

allow many people to use

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Microcomputer
Also

called Personal
Computer (PC) and
Desktop Computer

Available

in desktop size,
notebook size and
handheld (PDA)

Can

be IBM, IBM
Compatible or Apple
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History - Microcomputers
Apple
First sold in late 1970s
Developed by Jobs and Wozniak

IBM

Personal Computers

First sold in 1981

Was quickly accepted by businesses
IBM compatibles soon developed
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Software
&
Hardware
42

SOFTWARE

Software is any set of instructions that tells the

hardware what to do. It is what guides the hardware and
tells it how to accomplish each task. Some examples of
software are web browsers, games, and word processors
such as Microsoft Word.
A general term for computer programs and
documentation involved in the operation of the
computer.
PROGRAMS A sequence of instructions directing a
computer to perform a particular function; a statement
of a algorithm in programming language.
DOS disk operating system
DATA 43

Types of Software

Computer Software is the Programs that enable a

computer to perform a specific task.

System software

Application software

Embedded software

Scientific software

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Programs
Set

of instructions to the computer

Programming

languages

Machine language(lower level language)

Assembly language(medium level language)
Procedural languages(high level language)
Basic, Fortran, Cobol
4 GL(Object oriented languages)
Visual Basic, C++, C#, Java
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Systems Software
System

Software work with the application software to

handle the majority of technical details

System

Software consists of Operating system,

Utilities, device driver,and Language Translators.

Operating

system manage resources, provide a user

interface and run application

Examples

of systems software

DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux, MAC OS

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Applications Software
Helps

you to accomplish a certain task

Examples
Word processing - memos, reports, etc.
Spreadsheets - budgets, etc.
Database - search, sort, select data
Educational - simulations, practice
Graphics - charts, diagrams
Desktop publishing - pamphlets, etc.

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Embedded software
These

are a special breed of software which

are typically used to add functionality to the
existing software.
A small software or piece of code is added
to a software so that the overall
functionality of the software is increased.
This may be custom made or tailor made.
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Scientific software
These

are special purpose softwares which

are specially designed to enable scientists to
work better.
This softwares provide not only
computational capabilities but also logical
capabilities with the help of huge database
associated with them.
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Hardware
Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical
structure, such as the computer monitor or keyboard.
The electronic circuits, memory and input / output components of
a computer system; the tangible objects.
MEMORY
RAM RAMDOM ACCESS MEMORY
ROM READ ONLY MEMORY
HARD DISK
CPU CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
MOTHERBOARD
MODEM
POWER SUPPLY
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Hardware vs. Software

Hardware
The computer equipment
Includes printers, monitors, disk drives, etc.

Software
Programs which tell the computer what to do
Examples - word processing, Microsoft excel,

Power point, games, etc.

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Expansion Slots
Allows

you to add capabilities

Example

of cards you can add

Network card
Modem
TV turner card

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Ports

Connects computer to another device

Parallel port
Used primarily by printers

Serial ports
Modem, mouse, etc.

USB may be needed for

Digital Cameras, Mp3 players, Other devices
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Controversy
It must be noted here that some
authors have a view that even these
softwares must be considered under
the sub title of application software
since they are directly related to
overall applicability of the software.

OPEARTING SYSTEM

A collection of programs for operating the computer.

Operating systems perform housekeeping tasks such
as input / output between the computer and
peripherals, and accepting and interpreting
information from the keyboard.

An operating system is the most important

software that runs on a computer. It manages the
computer's memory, processes, and all of its
software and hardware. It also allows you to
communicate with the computer without knowing
how to speak the computer's "language." Without an
operating system, a computer is useless.

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