Alkanes

ALKANES ARE COMPOUNDS WHOSE MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF

SINGLE BONDS BETWEEN HYDROGEN AND CARBON, FOR THIS
REASON ALSO CALLED HYDROCARBON. DEPENDING ON THE
SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE ARE DIVIDED INTO BRANCHED, CYCLIC
AND POLYCYCLIC.
THESE COMPOUNDS ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF
CARBON ATOMS THEY CONTAIN, ADDING THE -ANE; AS THE CASE
OF THE COMPOUND HAVING A CARBON ATOM AND FOUR
HYDROGEN, WHICH IS CALLED METHANE.

Alkanes when in contact with oxygen react in a combustion gas and chiefly in their
liquid state; as alkanes are low reactivity means inducing combustion by external heat
source.
Examples of alkanes 10:
1.Metano (CH4)
2.Gas LP or Liquefied petroleum gas is a mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10)
Natural 3.Gas which is a mixture mainly of methane (CH4) with ethane (C2H6) and
propane (C3H8)
4.Gasolina which is a mixture of octane (C8H18)
5.Diesel (C14H30)
6.Combustleo (C7H16)
7.Etano (C2H6)
8.Propano (C3H8)
9.Pentano (C5H12)
10.Decano (C10H22

Alkenes

They have the overall formula Cn H2n. Are characterized by a double bond
between carbons. Also called olefins.
Nomenclature:
Al prefix indicating the number of carbon atom is added the termination
ene. Many of them are better known by their common names, such as
ethene (ethylene).
Exhibit geometric isomerism cis and trans according to the position of the
double bond groups.

Physical Properties
Melting points and boiling increase with molecular weight alkanes similar manner.
Density: are all less dense than water. The density is about 0.7 g / ml.
Solubility: soluble in nonpolar or less polar solvents such as benzene, ether or
chloroform
Geometric isomers have different melting points, boiling point, density, solubility, etc.,
which is used to identify them.
Reactivity:
The presence of the double bond makes much more reactive than alkanes. They
addition reactions to the double bond., The most frequent addition of hydrogen or
halogen. Is very important industrially polymerization of alkenes.

USES

The high reactivity of the double bond makes important intermediates

in the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds.
Probably the biggest industrial alkene is ethylene (ethene) used inter
alia for the Polyethylene plastic, widely used in pipes, containers, bags
and electrical insulation. It is also used to obtain ethyl alcohol, ethylene
glycol, styrene and vinyl chloride.

The propylene (propene) is a raw material POLYPROPYLENE, used in the

textile industry and to make pipes and strings.
Isobutylene is used for lead tetra acetate, challenged gasoline additive

Alkynes

Unsaturated hydrocarbons are alkynes which have a carbon-carbon triple

bond.
The general formula is:
CnH2n-2
Are named according to IUPAC prefix indicating the number of carbon
atoms followed by termination INO.
Physical properties:
Melting points and boiling increase with similar molecular weight alkanes
and alkenes to the way, but here are slightly higher.
Are less polar and therefore insoluble in water, but very soluble in
benzene, ether and carbon tetrachloride

APPLICATIONS
THE ACETYLENE (ETHYNE) IS THE MOST WIDELY USED ALKYNE. IT IS A
GAS WHICH WHEN BURNED IN THE PRESENCE OF PURE OXYGEN
PRODUCES A FLAME OF ABOUT 2800 C SO IT IS USED IN WELDING.
FROM THE GREAT NUMBER OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE ALSO
SYNTHESIZED, ACETIC ACID BEING ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
TOGETHER WITH OTHER UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS CAPABLE OF
POLYMERIZING PLASTICS AND RUBBER GIVING