Watershed and Baseline Survey

Watershed
Development
Watershed development is budgeting for the
water received from precipitation
Through soil & water conservation
Harvesting of excess run of
Proper utilisation of the moisture conserved
for improving productivity of crops
Cropping pattern shifts
Integrated development of area for improving
the livelihood of the watershed communities

Watershed development

Addresses

Food security

Environment protection

Poverty mitigation

Rural migration

Energy requirements

Women empowerment

Health & hygiene

What is Baseline Survey?

It is the survey with the set of

questionnaire targeting the particular
area of information to:
Understand the pre project village
situation,
Agriculture scenario,
Land scenario,
Livelihood conditions, &
for benchmark.

Why Baseline survey?

To capture both quantitative and qualitative information
for:

Assessment of natural resources & production

system,
Identifying socio economic constraints,
Find out potential options for livelihood, &
Management of:
Water,
Land,
Agriculture, &
Forest.

Why we should care

To identify whether there were any
benefits for the investments made
Were objectives met?
What factors explain the result?
How can the program be improved?

Compare alternative models to get the

biggest return for the money spend
To inform next generation projects
Evidence-based policy making
demonstration efect for government

Phase 1: Design Phase

P1: Check-list
Clear objectives (what is the
problem?)
Clear idea of how you will achieve
the objectives
Clear and measurable indicators
Clear
Relevant (to objectives)
Monitorable

Example of a causal
chain
Example: APDPIP

Impact
Outcomes

Higher income levels

Increased use of credit for income generation, Loan
repayment rates

Outputs

Number of SHGs, decreased input prices

Activities

Forming, federating and organizing SHGs

Inputs

Facilitators, Revolving fund (credit)

P1: Check-list (contd)

Test the questionnaire
Ask yourself, can you answer these
questions?
Are they relevant to the outcomes?
Will they be understood?
Field test: To test both how the
surveyor administers the instrument
AND how the respondent
understands the question.

P1: Why it is important to

field test
When asking a question about the level of
awareness, the surveyor used a word that
could mean awareness or knowledge
the respondent understood it to mean
education. :

Phase 2: Implementation

What would you do if you

1. Were a city person who didnt speak

the local language very well
2. Had to travel to several villages and
spend hours asking people questions
that have no relevance to you.
3. Were paid a small sum per
questionnaire
4. Not monitored by supervisors
5. This is not your full time job

The answer is simple

Sit at home or at kitli and

fill out the
questionnaires!!

Phase 3: Data Entry and

Analysis

P3: Check-list
Data Entry
Make the data entry system as fool proof as
possible - has unique identifiers to link both
household, village and GIS data
Ensure database allows for merging of data
Do not change/erase data on questionnaires
Raw data should always be input as is,
changes can then be made in the database
software (programatically) with
documentation

P3: Check-list (contd)

Often data entry is contracted out.
Name variables corresponding to the question and
section in the questionnaire include a dictionary
Code descriptive answers (to facilitate analysis)
All fields should be filled (NA or NR)
Units should be uniform by all districts
Totals calculated by formula not from summary column

Consistency checks check for missing entries,

wrong entries, sample statistics, patterns (queries
should be inbuilt)
Validity checks similar questions in diferent
places on the questionnaire (RCH example)

P3: Check-list (contd)

Data analysis
Common mistakes in interpreting data
No analysis!
No correlations, crosstabs, statistical significance levels
or regressions

Over generalizing the results

Mis-reporting statistics
Using % when the numbers are small

Types of Baseline Survey

Socio Economic
Survey (Door to
Door Survey)

Bio-Physical Survey
Field to Field Survey)

Household
Information

Population &
Gender Information

Migration
Information

To identify village
Agriculture
Situation

CPR & Wage

Employment

To identify diferent Water To identify crops and

Sources
fertilizer information

To identify present
Livelihood situation

Bio-physical Survey
Geo-referenced data collection of particular natural resources.
Geo-referenced soil sample collection from representative area.
Survey number wise collection of land details about land acreage,
ownership, crop cultivated(season), irrigation source and season
details.

Natural Resources

Bio-physical survey

Household Census

Baseline survey

Role of WDT in Baseline

Survey
Preliminary village meeting
Mention the objective of the survey
clearly
Ensure correct information is to be
given
To collect qualitative data
Summarize data of Baseline survey
Prepare action plan for WDP accordingly

Information collected
1. Socio-economic status of the farmers and landless people
(household and demographic characteristics, land
ownership, land use, livestock and other assets), crop
production, cropping patterns,
yields, markets and
livelihood opportunities;
2. Soil characteristics, climate, cropping systems, their
productivity and
inputs (GIS maps were prepared for soil types, soil depth
and crops grown in the village);
3. Soil, water, nutrient and pest management practices
followed by the villagers;
4. Production constraints, yield gaps and opportunities for
crop intensification.

How to manage the

common errors

CAPACITY BUILDING
Phase 1: Design

Clear objectives and hypotheses know what

you want to test
Identify a person in your unit who will manage
this process

Phase 2: Implementation
Organize an impact evaluation workshop if
necessary
Pay reasonable wages to surveyors (if possible)
Show the client and firm that you care

Lets recap what you have

learned
The devil lies in the detail
Be watchful
No pain, No gain

Thanks