Energa renovable vs sostenible

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Biomass

Biomass uses

Heat
Power (electrical)
Vehicle fuel (gas or liquid)

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Biomass & other renewables

Main issues

Land availability
Low yields
Low density: transportation
Storage
Environmental

Current feedstocks for bioethanol

ra, R.; Smith, A.; Granda, C. B.; Holtzapple, M., Producing Fuels and Chemicals fr
nocellulosic Biomass. Chemical Engineering Progress 2008, pp S10-S18.

Main issues

Land availability
Low yields
Low density: transportation
Storage
Environmental

Types of biomass

Yield per hectare of C3

plants

Yield per hecatare C4 plants

Theoretical potential

Multiplying the proportion of the main plant components by the entire vegetation, an averaged
elementary composition of plants dry matter results:

Buswell (1930)

Theoretical potential
Buswell (1930)

Main issues

Land availability
Low yields
Low density: transportation
Storage
Environmental

Logistics

Logstica de carga/descarga
Balas, pellets, mdulos o reduccin de
tamao

Constrains

Main issues

Land availability
Low yields
Low density: transportation
Storage

Fire risk (if dry)

Decomposition (if wet)

Environmental

Main issues

Land availability
Low yields
Low density: transportation
Environmental

Environmental Issues: Biomass

Significant

areas of land are required for energy

crops, and some authorities question whether
energy crops are in fact net producers of energy in
view of significant quantities of fossil fuels used for
machinery for transport etc.
Area of 10 000 sq km could provide around 5% of
transport requirements

Environmental Issues: Biomass

There are emissions including CO2, although in sustainable

use, this is neutral on the overall CO 2 balance.
Reduced SO2 but increased NOx can be expected from plant.
Other emissions can include aromatic compounds such as
benzene which are carcinogenic.
Areas of crops need to be cleared and this can have a
temporary visual impact, but such changes can lead to adverse
changes in soil erosion characteristics and also soil chemistry
and biology.
Managed crops would reduce likelihood of fire damage to
forests, but climate and ground water flow may be affected.

Cero net cabon?

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Cero net cabon?

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Cero net cabon?

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Cero net cabon?

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Biomass availability (US)

DOE: Technical potential to produce more than a billion

tons of biomass for energy use (Perlack et al. 2005)
which would meet 40% of electrical energy needs
EIA assumed that 598 million tons of biomass would be
.
available, and
that it could meet 12 percent of the
nations electricity needs by 2025 (EIA 2007).
NREL estimated that more than 423 million metric tons
of biomass would be available each year (ASES 2007)
UCS (union of concerned scientists) Climate 2030
analysis, we assumed that only 367 million tons of
biomass would be available to produce both electricity
and biofuels

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Bioenergy proyections

es, G.; Hoogwijk, M.; van den Broek, R., The contribution of biomass in the future
y supply: a review of 17 studies. Biomass and Bioenergy 2003, 25, (1), 1-28.

What does biomasscomprises?

Sweage

Sewage from human and animal waste can be

digested to generate methane, but significant
quantities of the methane are needed to keep
the process up to temperature.

Landfill causes releases of methane (a potent

greenhouse gas), and burning this although
generating CO2 reduces the effective
greenhouse impact.

Other waste may be collected and burnt to

generate heat, processed to develop refuse
derived fuel or used to generate electricity.

There are numerous processes available

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Sustainable biofuels

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Biogas yield from different resources

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Environmental Issues: Waste

Release of dioxins and other toxins from incorrect combustion of

waste products.

Emission of carbon monoxide, NOx, HCl, SO2 etc, the exact

proportions depend on the nature of the waste.

HCl is in higher concentrations than the combustion of coal, SO 2

should be less than for coal

disagreement as to whether NOx emissions are greater for waste

than for coal.

Visual impact of the plant

Smell
but less landfill space is required with its own attendant problems.

Victor Yushchencko (Austria)

Converting biomass to biopower

THERMOCHEMICAL
Heat, power, liquid,
gas
Direct combustion
Cofiring
Repowering
Combined heat &
power (CHP)
Gasification
Pirlisis

BIOCHEMICAL
Liquid & gas

Anaerobic digestion

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Liquids/gas mainly for

transportation
1st, 2nd generation biofuels

Ethanol
Biodiesel
Methanol
Butanol
Green diesel
Biofuel gasoline
Hydrogenated fats
Biogas
Syngas

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

2nd generation biofuels

Solid biofuels
Cellulosic ethanol
Biogas
Biodiesel from waste

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Other biofuels

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

1st generation

Almidn
(polmero)
en maz
Sacarosa
(dmero)
en caa de azcar

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

1st generation

Jugo de caa
de azcar

Hidrlilsis de
Almidn

Fermentacin
Fermentacin

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

1st generation

http://www.ethanolrfa.org/

6.6 mil mill-gal

(2009)

10.8 mil mill-gal

(2009)

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

1st generation

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Starch vs cellulose

Starch:
o

Enzymatic hydrolysis is 100-fold faster

Cellulose
o

Rocio Sierra

Starch vs cellulose

STARCH
POLY--D-glucose

CELLULOSE
POLY--D-glucose
Rocio Sierra

2nd generation

Jugo de caa
de azcar

Hidrlilsis de
Almidn

Fermentacin
Fermentacin

Hidrlisis
Pretratamiento

mento de Ingeniera Qumica - Universidad de los Andes - Biocombustibles -

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

19%
Reductio
n

28%
Reduction
52%
Reductio
n
78%
Reduction

Gasoline
Petroleum

Sugarcane
Ethanol

Corn Ethanol
Current
Average

Natural
Gas

Biomass

Biomass

86%
Reduction

Cellulosic
Ethanol
Biomass

Sources: Wang et al, Environ. Research Letters, May 2007; Wang et al, Life-Cycle Energy Use
and GHG Implications of Brazilian Sugarcane Ethanol Simulated with GREET Model, Dec.

Cellulose polymer
Cellulose fibers
Plant cell wall

macrofibrils
microfibrils

Cellulose polymer

Rocio Sierra

Lignocellulosic biomass

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood

Rocio Sierra

Effect of pretreatment

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood

Rocio Sierra

Cost of petreatment
Corn stover
Dilute acid
Pretreatment
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Septic
Fermentation

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Report # NREL/TP-510-32438, June 2002

Pretreatment
assessment

CAFI
Consortium for Applied
Fundamentals and
Innovation

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood

Rocio Sierra

Pretreatment
assessment
Lime

SO2 explosion

AFEX

ARP

CAFI
PRETREATMENTS

pH controlled

Dilute Acid

Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Lime Pretreatment of Poplar Wood

Rocio Sierra

Effect of pretreatment

Effect of pretreatment

Laccase

The biorefinery concept

Biorefinera
integrada
Conversin
Bioqumica
Materia prima
Produccin &
Logstica

Cultivos
Energticos

Recoleccin de
desechos

Hidrlisis enzimtica
y
Fermentacin
esterilizada
El proceso MixAlco

Conversin
Trmica

Pirlisis
Gasificacin

Infrastructura
de
Combustibl Distribucin
Distribucin
es
Energa
Bioproductos

(lneas,
carrotanques,
etc.)
Estaciones de
venta
Vehculos

BIOMASS REFINERY
Processes

Selected technologies

Oil Refinery

k Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Routes to biofuel

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Three routes

Routes to biofuel

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Biodiesel = fatty acid esters

Biodiesel Reactions

Esterification

Biodiesel Reactions

Biodiesel production

Produccin industrial de biodiesel en

Colombia

http://www.fedebiocombustibles.com/files/Cifras
%20Informativas%20del%20Sector
%20Biocombustibles%20-%20BIODIESEL(32).pdf

Biodiesel future

Otras rutas biodiesel

Green diesel
Hydrodeogenation

Sugarcane

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Bioethanol reactions

Produccin industrial de bioetanol en

Colombia

http://www.fedebiocombustibles.co
m/files/Cifras%20Informativas
%20del%20Sector
%20Biocombustibles%20-

Corn

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Fast pyrolysis

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Fast Pyrolysis

Cha
r

Solid

Tar

Liquid
Gas

Gasification

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Rangefuels

Range Fuels tried to develop a

technology that converted biomass into
ethanol without the use of enzymes. The
company broke ground on its first
commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol
facility in November 2007. Range Fuels
won the 2008 North American Fuels
Technology Innovation Green Excellence
of the Year Award

Fisher-Tropsch

Thermochemicalbiochemical

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Coskata: Demostration
plant

http://www.coskata.com/facilities/index.asp?source=4ACD6CB3-881C-4F31-BFDE-ED3A413BD2CE

Acid Hydrolysis

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Enzymatic hydrolysis

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Biological conversion

http://www.mascoma.com/pages/

Metabolic engineering

Metabolic engineering

Metabolic engineering

Direct gasoline

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

http://www.codexis.com/

Direct gasoline

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Virent technology

http://www.virent.com/technology/

Aqueous Phase Reforming

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

ZeaChem

http://www.zeachem.com/technology/overvie
w.php

Terrabon

rk Holtzapple, revista de ingeniera. UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES. # 29. Mayo #

Biogas

Current biogas use