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Introduction to Vibration
Vibration
Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time is called vibration or
oscillation.
The swinging of a pendulum is a typical
example of vibration.
Introduction
Soil Dynamics
Soil Dynamics is defined as that part
of geotechnical engineering which
deals with the behaviour of soils
under dynamic loading.
Soil dynamics has applications in a
variety of fields of Civil Engineering.
INTRODUCTION
Modes of Vibration
Basic Definitions
Vibration (or Oscillation): It is a time-dependent,
repeating motion which may be translational
or
rotational.
Periodic motion: It is a motion which repeats itself
periodically in equal time intervals.
Period: The time in which the motion repeats itself
is
called the Period.
Cycle: The motion completed in a period is called
a
Cycle.
Frequency: The number of cycles in a unit of time
is
known as the frequency.
The period and frequency are inversely related
Dynamical Systems
Mechanical vibrations Oscillations in
mechanical systems
Dynamical Systems
Mass element
Viscous damper
Dynamical Systems
DEGREE OF FREEDOM
The minimum number of independent
coordinates required to determine completely
the positions of all parts of a system at any
instant of time defines the degrees of freedom
of the system.
The simple pendulum represents a single degree
of freedom (SDF) system.
Motion can be stated in terms of the or in terms
of the cartesian coordinates x and y.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
VIBRATION
b. Forced Vibration
If a system is subjected to an external force (often,
a repeating type of force), the resulting vibration is
known as forced vibration.
Resonance:
If the frequency of the external force coincides
with one of the natural frequencies of the system,
a condition known as resonance occurs and the
system undergoes dangerously large oscillations.
(Failures of such structures as buildings, bridges,
machine foundations, and airplane wings have been
associated with the occurrence of resonance)
Linear vibration
Principle of superposition holds,
mathematical techniques of analysis are
well developed.
Nonlinear vibration
Superposition principle is not valid,
techniques of analysis are less well known.
All vibratory system tend to behave
nonlinearly with increasing amplitude of
oscillation/vibration.
Deterministic
If the value or magnitude of the excitation
(force or motion) acting on a vibratory
system is known at any given time, the
excitation is called deterministic.
The resulting vibration is known as
deterministic vibration.
Non-deterministic
In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or
random, the value of the excitation at a given time
cannot be predicted.
In some cases, a large collection of records of the
excitation may exhibit some statistical regularity. It is
possible to estimate averages such as the mean
and mean square values of the excitation.
Example: Wind velocity, ground motion during
earthquake.
If the excitation is random, the resulting vibration is
also random, it can be described only in terms of
statistical quantities.
Mathematical modelling
Derivation of the governing equations
Solution of the governing equation
Interpretation of the results.
1. Mathematical Model
Purpose
To represent all the important features of
the system for the purpose of deriving the
mathematical (analytical) equation
governing the behaviour of the system.
Model should include enough details to
be able to describe the system in terms of
equations without making it too complex.