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Renewable Energy

An Introduction
A.GNANASEHARAN, B.E.,

Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

Introduction
Renewable Energy any sustainable energy source that comes

from natural environment.

Some Aspects of Renewable Energy

It exists perpetually and in abundant in the environment

Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible

It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels

Energy that is derived from natural process that are replenished


constantly.

Introduction

Major Renewable Energy Sources

Hydro Energy

Wind Energy

Solar Energy

Biomass Energy

Tidal Energy

Geothermal Energy

Wave Energy

Bio-fuel

Bagasse

Indian Power Sector


Power Installed Capacity = 253.390 GW
(As of 31st August 2014)

Therma
l
176,118
.6 MW

Hydro
40,798.
8 MW

Nuclea
r
4,780
MW

Renewa
ble
32,307.7
1
MW

Total
254,005.
1 MW

Present Installed Capacity of Renewable Energy Sources


in India (As of 31st August, 2014)

Renewable Energy Source

Present Installed Capacity

Wind

21693 MW

Small Hydro

3826 MW

Biomass including Bagasse


cogeneration

4045 MW

Solar

2743 MW
Total RE Installed Capacity 32307 MW
Source: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE)

Introduction
Solar Panels

Wind Turbine Generators

Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

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Wind Energy - Technology

Differential heating of the earths


surface and atmosphere induces
vertical and horizontal air currents
that are affected by the earths
rotation and contours of the land and
generates WIND.

A wind turbine obtains its power


input by converting the force of the
wind into a torque (turning force)
acting on the rotor blades.

The amount of energy which the wind


transfers to the rotor depends on the
density of the air, the rotor area,
and the wind speed.

PLF of Wind Farm is normally in the


range of 20 % to 30% depending
upon the site conditions and WTG
rating.

P Power

P = 0.5 X X A X V

Air Density (kg/m3)

A Blade Area -turbine (m


V Wind velocity (m/s)

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Wind Energy - Technology

Major Components of Wind Turbine

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Wind Energy Present Scenario

Wind Power Fastest growing


renewable energy source
Globally, it grew at the average rate of
27 % pa over the past 10 years.
While in India it grew at the average
rate of 33% over the past 10 years.
Presently, India is ranked 4th in the
world in terms of Wind Energy
Installed Capacity
Drivers of growth
Environmental Awareness and
Sustainable Development
Growing Global Energy Demand
Improving Competitiveness of
renewable energy
Security of Supply Concerns
New Markets (e.g. India, China etc)
Carbon Trading
Fiscal Benefits by Govt.
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Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

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Solar Energy - Technology

Solar power is by far the Earth's most available energy source, easily
capable of providing many times the total current energy demand.

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.

Two main commercial ways of conversion of sunlight into electricity.

Concentrating Solar Thermal Plant (CSP)

Photovoltaic Plants (PV)

CSP and PV both have their markets. PV is very successful in


decentralized applications, whereas CSP offers advantages for central
and large-scale applications. CSP power plants are the most costefficient way to generate and to store dispatchable CO2-free electricity.
However, there is no competition between both. Rather, they have to be
seen as complementary technologies.

PLF of CSP In the range of 20 % to 30 %


PLF of PV In the range of 15 % to 20 %

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Solar Energy - Technology

Concentrating Solar Thermal


Plant (CSP)
It contains;
Collector Field
Turbine
Generator
Cooling Tower
Transformer

Courtesy: ESP Solar

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Solar Energy - Technology

Solar Photovoltaic Plants (PV)


It contains;
Solar Arrays
Inverter
Transformer

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Solar Energy - Technology

In both CSP and PV technologies, solar resources plays major role.


Maps are available to calculate solar resource of a particular region.
However, for both CSP and PV technologies different solar radiations
are taken into account.
Basically two types of solar radiations are there;
Global Horizontal irradiations (GHI)
Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI)
For PV technologies GHI is considered. GHI
consists of diffuse radiations and direct
horizontal radiations (beam).
Minimum GHI 1000 kwh/m2 pa
For CSP, DNI is considered. DNI
is the amount of radiation received by
a surface which is permanently aligned
perpendicular to the incoming beam.
Minimum DNI 1900 kwh/m2 pa
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Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

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Hydro Energy

Advantages
Cheap to operate
Long life and lower operating costs than all
other power plants
Renewable
High yield
Lower energy cost than any other method
Pretty plentiful
Some countries depend almost entirely on it
Not intermittent (if reservoir is large enough)
Reservoirs have multiple uses
Flood control, drinking water, aquaculture,
recreation
Less air pollution than fossil fuel combustion

Hydro Energy
Disadvantages:
Human population displacement
More significant breeding ground for disease
Reduces availability of water downstream
Ecosystem impacts
Barriers to migrating fish
Loss of biodiversity both upstream and
downstream
Coastal erosion
Reduces nutrient flow (dissolved and particulate)
Water pollution problems
Low dissolved oxygen (DO)
Increased H2S toxicity; other DO-related problems
Siltation a big problem (also shortens dam life)
Air pollution
Actually may be a significant source of GHGs (CH4,
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N2O, CO2)

Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

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Biomass Energy

What is it?

Biomass energy is the use of living and recently dead biological material as an
energy source
Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and conversion to a chemical
(carbohydrate) fuel
Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy
How it works?
Traditional: forest management, using wood as fuel
Use of biodegradable waste
Examples: manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid waste
Recent interest in agricultural production of energy crops
Should be high yield and low maintenance
Examples: corn, sugarcane, hemp, willow, palm oil and many others
Does not have to be a food crop
Recent interest in bioengineered (GM) plants as fuel sources
Production of a liquid or gaseous biofuel
Biogas due to the breakdown of biomass in the absence of O 2

Includes capture of landfill methane


Bioethanol from fermentation, often from corn. Cellulosic bioethanol is usually
from a grass

Biomass Energy

Carbon neutral

CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is recently captured and so


ideally does not change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels

Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels

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Biomass Energy

Advantages
Versatile
Renewable
No net CO2 emissions (ideally)
Emits less SO2 and NOx than fossil fuels

Disadvantages

Low energy density/yield

Land conversion

In some cases (eg, corn-derived bioethanol) may yield no net energy


Biodiversity loss
Possible decrease in agricultural food productivity

Usual problems associated with intensive


agriculture

Nutrient pollution
Soil depletion
Soil erosion
Other water pollution problems

Contents
Introduction
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Hydro Energy
Biomass Energy
Geothermal Energy

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Geothermal
Energy

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Geothermal Energy

How it works
Geothermal power plants
Use earths heat to power steam turbines
Geothermal direct use
Use hot springs (etc) as heat source
Geothermal heat pumps
Advantages
Renewable
Easy to exploit in some cases
CO2 production less than with fossil fuels
High net energy yield
Disadvantages
Not available everywhere
H2S pollution
Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)

Wind Energy

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