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PRESENTED

BY

Dr. S.SUYAMBAZHAHAN
PRINCIPAL
S.A.ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHENNAI - 600078

Machines
Machines which
which convert
convert hydraulic
hydraulic
energy
energy (energy
(energy possessed
possessed by
by
water)
water) into
into mechanical
mechanical energy
energy
(which
(which is
is further
further converted
converted into
into
electrical
electrical energy)energy)-Turbines.
Turbines.
Machines
which
convert
Machines
which
convert
mechanical
mechanical energy
energy into
into hydraulic
hydraulic
energyenergy-Pumps.
Pumps.
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Turbines An
Introduction
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful
work, namely electricity.

Hydraulic
Turbines
convert
Hydraulic
Turbines
convert
Hydraulic
Hydraulic Energy
Energy possessed
possessed by
by
water
water into
into Mechanical
Mechanical Energy
Energy
which
which is
is further
further converted
converted into
into
Electrical
Electrical Energy
Energy by
by Generator.
Generator.
This
This energy
energy obtained
obtained is
is know
know as
as
hydro-electric
hydro-electric power
power which
which is
is one
one
of
of the
the cheapest
cheapest form
form of
of energy
energy
generation.
generation.
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Hydraulic Turbine

Major
Classification

Classification based on direction of


Flow
Tangential flow: Pelton Turbine
Axial Flow Turbine: Kaplan Turbine
Radial Inward Flow Turbine: Thomson Turbine
Mixed Flow Turbine : Modern Francis Turbine

Classification Based on Head


Available
High Head Turbine(High head & low discharge)
Head ranges from several hundred to thousand meters
e.g. Pelton Turbine (250 to 2000m)
Medium head Turbine(Medium head and medium
discharge)
Head ranging from 50m to 250m
e.g. Modern Francis Turbine
Low Head Turbine(low head high discharge)
Head less than 50m
e.g. Kaplan Turbine , Propeller turbine

Selection of turbines
Type of turbine

Range of head in metre

Pelton Turbine

200-2000m

Francis Turbine

15-300m

Propeller Turbine

5-30m

Reaction Turbine
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which
changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and
gives up its energy.
They must be encased to contain the water pressure
(or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the
water flow.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and
are used in low (<30m/98ft) and medium (30300m/98984ft) head applications. In reaction turbine
pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades.
It is largely used in dam and large power plants.
E.g. Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine.

Reaction Turbine

Figure shows
a reaction
turbine

In Reaction Turbines, the rotation is mainly achieved


by the reaction forces created by the acceleration of
the fluid in the runner (rotating blade). The basic
principle is the same as a rotating lawn sprinkler in
which water enters the arms of the sprinkler at low
velocity and leaves through the jets at high velocity.
Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for
reaction turbines.

A Simple Reaction Turbine

Reaction Turbine

(a) Typical radial-flow Francis turbine


(b) Typical axial-flow Kaplan turbine.

Reaction turbines consist of fixed guide vanes called


stay vanes, adjustable guide vanes called wicket
gates and rotating blades called runner blades.
It also generally consists of a spiral casing or volute,
as in hydraulic turbines. It surrounds the runner
completely. The casing should be strong to withstand
high pressure.

Top and Side View of a typical


Reaction Turbine

Fluid enters tangentially at high pressure, is


turned toward the runner by the stay vanes
as it moves along the volute, and then
passes through the wicket gates with a large
tangential velocity component.
Momentum is exchanged between the fluid
and the runner, and the runner rotates.
Unlike impulse turbine, the water completely
fills the casing of a reaction turbine.
Reaction turbine generally produces more
power than an impulse turbine.
Wicket gates control volume flow rate.

Highlights of Reaction
Turbine
There is both a pressure drop and a fluid
relative speed change across the rotor.
Guide vanes act as nozzle to accelerate the
flow and turn it in the appropriate direction
as the fluid enters the rotor.
Part of the pressure drop occurs across the
guide vanes and part occurs across the
rotor.

There are two main types of Reaction Turbine


Francis and Kaplan Turbines.

Sectional and Top View of a Francis Reaction Turbine

Francis
Francis Turbine
Turbine isis the
the first
first hydraulic
hydraulic
turbine
turbine with
with radial
radial inflow.
inflow. ItIt was
was designed
designed
by
byan
anAmerican
Americanscientist
scientistJames
JamesFrancis.
Francis.
IfIf the
the water
water flows
flows radially
radially through
through the
the
runner
runner ,, from
from outwards
outwards to
to inwards
inwards then
then itit
is
is known
known as
as an
an inward
inward radial
radial flow
flow turbine.
turbine.
Francis
Francis turbine
turbine is
is aa reaction
reaction turbine
turbine as
as
the
the energy
energy available
available at
at the
the inlet
inlet of
of the
the
turbine
turbine is
is aa combination
combination of
of kinetic
kinetic and
and
pressure
pressureenergy.
energy.
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CASING:
CASING:The
Therunner
runnerisiscompletely
completelyenclosed
enclosed
in
inan
anair-tight
air-tightspiral
spiralcasing.
casing.The
Thecasing
casingand
and
runner
runnerare
arealways
alwaysfull
fullof
ofwater.
water.
GUIDE
GUIDEMECHANISM:
MECHANISM:ItItconsists
consistsof
ofaa
stationary
stationarycircular
circularwheel
wheelon
onwhich
whichstationary
stationary
guide
guidevanes
vanesare
arefixed.
fixed.The
Theguide
guidevanes
vanesallow
allow
the
thewater
waterto
tostrike
strikethe
thevanes
vanesof
ofthe
therunner
runner
without
withoutshock
shockat
atinlet
inlet
RUNNER:
RUNNER:ItItisisaacircular
circularwheel
wheelon
onwhich
whichaa
series
seriesof
ofcurved
curvedradial
radialguide
guidevanes
vanesare
arefixed.
fixed.
DRAFT
DRAFT TUBE:
TUBE:ItItisisused
usedfor
fordischarging
dischargingwater
water
from
fromthe
theoutlet
outletof
ofthe
therunner
runnerto
tothe
thetail
tailrace.
race.
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FRANCIS TURBINE

FRANCIS TURBINE

RUNNER

GUIDE

MOVABLE
VANES

STATIONARY 24
GUIDE
VANES

Francis Turbine

Kaplan
Kaplanturbine
turbineisisan
anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reaction
turbine.
turbine.The
Thewater
waterflows
flowsthrough
throughthe
therunner
runner
of
ofthe
theturbine
turbinein
inan
anaxial
axialdirection
directionand
andthe
the
energy
energyat
atthe
theinlet
inletof
ofthe
theturbine
turbineisisthe
thesum
sum
of
ofkinetic
kineticand
andpressure
pressureenergy
energy..
In
Inan
anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reactionturbine
turbinethe
theshaft
shaftisis
vertical.
vertical.The
Thelower
lowerend
endof
ofthe
theshaft
shaftisislarger
larger
and
andisisknown
knownas
ashub
hubor
orboss.
boss.ItItisison
onthis
this
hub
hubthat
thatthe
thevanes
vanesare
areattached.
attached.IfIfthe
thevanes
vanes
are
areadjustable
adjustablethen
thenititisisknown
knownas
askaplan
kaplan
Turbine
Turbineand
andififthe
thevanes
vanesare
arenon
nonadjustable
adjustable
then
thenititisisknown
knownas
asPropeller
PropellerTurbine
Turbine..
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Sectional View of a Kaplan Reaction Turbine

KAPLAN TURBINE

KAPLAN TURBINE

Both types of turbines are inward-flow reaction turbines.


Francis turbines utilize axial and/or radial flow concepts.
Kaplan turbines utilize axial flow of water.
Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has
adjustable blades.

Kaplan Turbines

Kaplan turbine is best suited where


large quantity of low head water is
available.
The main parts of a Kaplan Turbine are:
1.Scroll Casing
2.Guide vane Mechanism
3.Hub with Vanes
4.Draft Tube
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SHAFT

VANES

HUBB OR
BOSS

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The water enters the turbine through the guide


vanes which are aligned such as to give the flow
a suitable degree of swirl.
The flow from guide vanes pass through the
curved passage which forces the radial flow to
axial direction.
The axial flow of water with a component of swirl
applies force on the blades of the rotor and looses
its momentum, both linear and angular,
producing torque and rotation (their product is
power) in the shaft.
The scheme for production of hydroelectricity by
Kaplan Turbine is same as that for Francis Turbine.
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GUIDE VANES
SHAFT

MOVABLE
VANES
HUBB OR BOSS

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Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines change thevelocityof a water jet. The
jet pushes on the turbine's curved blades which changes
the direction of the flow. The resulting change in
momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine
blades.
Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a
distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with
diminished energy.
An impulse turbine is one which the pressure of the fluid
flowing over the rotor blades is constant and all the work
output is due to the change in kinetic energy of the fluid.
E.g. Pelton Wheel

Impulse Turbine

Figure show the Pelton


Wheel

Highlights of Impulse
Turbine
The total head of the incoming fluid is
converted into a large velocity head at the
exit of the supply nozzle.
Both the pressure drop across the bucket
(blade) and the change in relative speed of
the fluid across the bucket are negligible.
The space surrounding the rotor is not
completely filled with fluid.
The individual jets of fluid striking the
buckets that generates the torque.

Power Developed
P=**g*h*Q
where,
= Efficiency of turbine
= Density of the liquid (kg/m3)
g= Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2)
h= Head (m)
Q= Flow rate (m3/s)

BUCKETS OR VA

SPLITTER

RUNNER

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Turbine Blade

Various types of water turbine runners. From left to right: Pelton


Wheel, two types of Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine

A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one


million hp (750 MW), being installed at the Grand
Coulee Dam, United States.

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PELTON WHEEL

47

Nozzle:
Nozzle:ItItcontrols
controlsthe
theamount
amountof
ofwater
water
striking
strikingthe
thevanes
vanesof
ofthe
therunner.
runner.
Casing:
Casing:ItItisisused
usedto
toprevent
preventsplashing
splashingof
of
water
waterand
andplays
playsno
nopart
partin
inpower
power
generation.
generation.
Runner
Runner with
with buckets:
buckets: Runner
Runnerisisaa
circular
circulardisc
discon
onthe
theperiphery
peripheryof
ofwhich
whichaa
number
numberof
ofevenly
evenlyspaced
spacedbuckets
bucketsare
are
fixed.
fixed.
Breaking
Breaking Jet:
Jet:To
Tostop
stopthe
therunner
runnerin
inshort
short
time
timebreaking
breakingjet
jetisisused.
used.
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The
Thehigh
highspeed
speedwater
watercoming
comingout
outof
ofthe
thenozzle
nozzle
strikes
strikesthe
thesplitter
splitterwhich
whichdivides
dividesthe
thejet
jetinto
intotwo
two
equal
equalstreams.
streams.These
Thesestream
streamflow
flowalong
alongthe
the
inner
innercurve
curveof
ofthe
thebucket
bucketand
andleave
leaveititin
inthe
the
direction
directionopposite
oppositeto
tothat
thatof
ofincoming
incomingjet.
jet.The
The
high
highpressure
pressurewater
watercan
canbe
beobtained
obtainedfrom
fromany
any
water
waterbody
bodysituated
situatedat
atsome
someheight
heightor
orstreams
streams
of
ofwater
waterflowing
flowingdown
downthe
thehills.
hills.
The
Thechange
changein
inmomentum
momentum(direction
(directionas
aswell
wellas
as
speed)
speed)of
ofwater
waterstream
streamproduces
producesan
animpulse
impulseon
on
the
theblades
bladesof
ofthe
thewheel
wheelof
ofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.This
This
impulse
impulsegenerates
generatesthe
thetorque
torqueand
androtation
rotationin
inthe
the
shaft
shaftof
ofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.
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The
The draft
draft tube
tube isis aa pipe
pipe of
of gradually
gradually
increasing
increasing area
area which
which connects
connects the
the outlet
outlet
of
ofthe
therunner
runner with
withthe
the tailrace.
tailrace. One
One end
endof
of
the
the draft
draft tube
tube isis connected
connected to
to the
the outlet
outlet
of
of the
the runner
runner while
while the
the other
other end
end isis
submerged
submergedbelow
below the
thelevel
levelof
ofwater
waterin
inthe
the
tail
tailrace.
race.
ItIt creates
creates aa negative
negative head
head at
at the
the outlet
outlet of
of
the
the runner
runner thereby
thereby increasing
increasing the
the net
net
head
headon
onthe
theturbine.
turbine.
ItIt converts
converts aa large
large proportion
proportion of
of rejected
rejected
kinetic
kineticenergy
energyinto
intouseful
usefulpressure
pressureenergy
energy
50

51

It is the operation by which the speed of


the turbine is kept constant under all
conditions of working load.
This is done automatically by a governor
which regulates the rate flow through the
turbines according to the changing load
conditions on the turbine.
Governing of a turbine is absolutely
necessary if the turbine is coupled to an
electric generator which is required to
run at constant speed under all
fluctuating load conditions.
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Pelton Wheels in a
hydroplant

Components in a Pelton
Wheel

Water is blasted at these cups by one or more jets


mounted in the surrounding casing. Momentum is
transferred from water to cups, and a torque is created,
causing the wheel to rotate.

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55

Change of Pressure and Velocity in a Steam Impulse Turbine and a


Steam Reaction Turbine

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VELOCITY & PRESSURE


COMPOUNDING OF REACTION
TURBINE

VELOCITY DIAGRAM OF
IMPULSE TURBINE

VELOCITY DIAGRAM OF
REACTION TURBINE

Pressure Compounding

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N Nozzle
M Moving Blade
F Fixed Blade

Velocity Compounding (Curtis Impulse Turbine)


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Characteristic curves of a
Turbine
These are curves which are characteristic
of a particular turbine which helps in
studying the performance of the turbine
under various conditions. These curves
pertaining to any turbine are supplied by
its manufacturers based on actual tests.
The data that must be obtained obtained
in testing a turbine are the following:

1. The speed of the turbine N


2. The discharge Q
3. The net head H
4. The power developed P
5. The overall efficiency
6. Gate opening (this refers to the
percentage of the inlet passages
provided for water to enter the turbine)

The characteristic curves obtained


are the following:
a) Constant head curves or main
characteristic curves
b) Constant speed curves or
operating characteristic curves
c) Constant efficiency curves or
Muschel curves

Constant head curves: Maintaining a


constant head, the speed of the
turbine is varied by
admitting different rates of flow by
adjusting the percentage of gate opening.
The power P developed is measured
mechanically. From each test the unit
power Pu, the unit speed Nu, the unit
discharge Qu and the overall efficiency
o are determined.

The characteristic curves drawn are


a) Unit discharge vs unit speed
b) Unit power vs unit speed
c) Overall efficiency vs unit speed

Constant speed curves: In this case


tests are conducted at a constant
speed varying the
head H and suitably adjusting the
discharge Q. The power developed P is
measured
mechanically. The overall efficiency is
aimed at its maximum value.
The curves drawn are

Constant efficiency curves: These


curves are plotted from data which can
be obtained
from the constant head and constant speed
curves. The object of obtaining this curve is
to
determine the zone of constant efficiency so
that we can always run the turbine with
maximum efficiency.
This curve also gives a good idea about the
performance of the turbine at various
efficiencies.

Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Pelton turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Kaplan turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine

Main Characteristic curves of a Francis turbine

Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

Operating Characteristic curves of a turbine

Euler Head and Efficiencies of Hydraulic


Turbines
Efficiency of turbines is a function of the available head.
Euler's Head: It is defined as energy transfer per unit
weight.
Hydraulic Efficiency - It is the ratio of power developed by
the runner to the head of water (or energy) actually supplied
to the turbine i.e.

Mechanical Efficiency - It is the ratio of actual work


available at the turbine shaft to energy imparted to the
wheel.
Overall Efficiency The overall efficiency is based on the
useful work output divided by the water power input.

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COMPARISION OF TURBINES
In impulse turbines, the total head available is
first converted into the kinetic energy.
In the reaction turbines, the fluid passes first
through a ring of stationary guide vanes in
which only part of the available total head is
converted into kinetic energy.
The guide vanes discharge directly into the
runner along the whole of its periphery, so
that the fluid entering the runner has
pressure energy as well as kinetic energy. The
pressure energy is converted into kinetic
energy in the runner.
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90

COMPARISION OF TURBINES

VIDEOS

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