Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
Dr. S.SUYAMBAZHAHAN
PRINCIPAL
S.A.ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHENNAI - 600078
Machines
Machines which
which convert
convert hydraulic
hydraulic
energy
energy (energy
(energy possessed
possessed by
by
water)
water) into
into mechanical
mechanical energy
energy
(which
(which is
is further
further converted
converted into
into
electrical
electrical energy)energy)-Turbines.
Turbines.
Machines
which
convert
Machines
which
convert
mechanical
mechanical energy
energy into
into hydraulic
hydraulic
energyenergy-Pumps.
Pumps.
2
Turbines An
Introduction
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts
energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful
work, namely electricity.
Hydraulic
Turbines
convert
Hydraulic
Turbines
convert
Hydraulic
Hydraulic Energy
Energy possessed
possessed by
by
water
water into
into Mechanical
Mechanical Energy
Energy
which
which is
is further
further converted
converted into
into
Electrical
Electrical Energy
Energy by
by Generator.
Generator.
This
This energy
energy obtained
obtained is
is know
know as
as
hydro-electric
hydro-electric power
power which
which is
is one
one
of
of the
the cheapest
cheapest form
form of
of energy
energy
generation.
generation.
4
Hydraulic Turbine
Major
Classification
Selection of turbines
Type of turbine
Pelton Turbine
200-2000m
Francis Turbine
15-300m
Propeller Turbine
5-30m
Reaction Turbine
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which
changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and
gives up its energy.
They must be encased to contain the water pressure
(or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the
water flow.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines and
are used in low (<30m/98ft) and medium (30300m/98984ft) head applications. In reaction turbine
pressure drop occurs in both fixed and moving blades.
It is largely used in dam and large power plants.
E.g. Francis Turbine, Kaplan Turbine.
Reaction Turbine
Figure shows
a reaction
turbine
Reaction Turbine
Highlights of Reaction
Turbine
There is both a pressure drop and a fluid
relative speed change across the rotor.
Guide vanes act as nozzle to accelerate the
flow and turn it in the appropriate direction
as the fluid enters the rotor.
Part of the pressure drop occurs across the
guide vanes and part occurs across the
rotor.
Francis
Francis Turbine
Turbine isis the
the first
first hydraulic
hydraulic
turbine
turbine with
with radial
radial inflow.
inflow. ItIt was
was designed
designed
by
byan
anAmerican
Americanscientist
scientistJames
JamesFrancis.
Francis.
IfIf the
the water
water flows
flows radially
radially through
through the
the
runner
runner ,, from
from outwards
outwards to
to inwards
inwards then
then itit
is
is known
known as
as an
an inward
inward radial
radial flow
flow turbine.
turbine.
Francis
Francis turbine
turbine is
is aa reaction
reaction turbine
turbine as
as
the
the energy
energy available
available at
at the
the inlet
inlet of
of the
the
turbine
turbine is
is aa combination
combination of
of kinetic
kinetic and
and
pressure
pressureenergy.
energy.
20
CASING:
CASING:The
Therunner
runnerisiscompletely
completelyenclosed
enclosed
in
inan
anair-tight
air-tightspiral
spiralcasing.
casing.The
Thecasing
casingand
and
runner
runnerare
arealways
alwaysfull
fullof
ofwater.
water.
GUIDE
GUIDEMECHANISM:
MECHANISM:ItItconsists
consistsof
ofaa
stationary
stationarycircular
circularwheel
wheelon
onwhich
whichstationary
stationary
guide
guidevanes
vanesare
arefixed.
fixed.The
Theguide
guidevanes
vanesallow
allow
the
thewater
waterto
tostrike
strikethe
thevanes
vanesof
ofthe
therunner
runner
without
withoutshock
shockat
atinlet
inlet
RUNNER:
RUNNER:ItItisisaacircular
circularwheel
wheelon
onwhich
whichaa
series
seriesof
ofcurved
curvedradial
radialguide
guidevanes
vanesare
arefixed.
fixed.
DRAFT
DRAFT TUBE:
TUBE:ItItisisused
usedfor
fordischarging
dischargingwater
water
from
fromthe
theoutlet
outletof
ofthe
therunner
runnerto
tothe
thetail
tailrace.
race.
21
FRANCIS TURBINE
FRANCIS TURBINE
RUNNER
GUIDE
MOVABLE
VANES
STATIONARY 24
GUIDE
VANES
Francis Turbine
Kaplan
Kaplanturbine
turbineisisan
anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reaction
turbine.
turbine.The
Thewater
waterflows
flowsthrough
throughthe
therunner
runner
of
ofthe
theturbine
turbinein
inan
anaxial
axialdirection
directionand
andthe
the
energy
energyat
atthe
theinlet
inletof
ofthe
theturbine
turbineisisthe
thesum
sum
of
ofkinetic
kineticand
andpressure
pressureenergy
energy..
In
Inan
anaxial
axialflow
flowreaction
reactionturbine
turbinethe
theshaft
shaftisis
vertical.
vertical.The
Thelower
lowerend
endof
ofthe
theshaft
shaftisislarger
larger
and
andisisknown
knownas
ashub
hubor
orboss.
boss.ItItisison
onthis
this
hub
hubthat
thatthe
thevanes
vanesare
areattached.
attached.IfIfthe
thevanes
vanes
are
areadjustable
adjustablethen
thenititisisknown
knownas
askaplan
kaplan
Turbine
Turbineand
andififthe
thevanes
vanesare
arenon
nonadjustable
adjustable
then
thenititisisknown
knownas
asPropeller
PropellerTurbine
Turbine..
26
KAPLAN TURBINE
KAPLAN TURBINE
Kaplan Turbines
SHAFT
VANES
HUBB OR
BOSS
33
GUIDE VANES
SHAFT
MOVABLE
VANES
HUBB OR BOSS
35
Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines change thevelocityof a water jet. The
jet pushes on the turbine's curved blades which changes
the direction of the flow. The resulting change in
momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine
blades.
Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a
distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with
diminished energy.
An impulse turbine is one which the pressure of the fluid
flowing over the rotor blades is constant and all the work
output is due to the change in kinetic energy of the fluid.
E.g. Pelton Wheel
Impulse Turbine
Highlights of Impulse
Turbine
The total head of the incoming fluid is
converted into a large velocity head at the
exit of the supply nozzle.
Both the pressure drop across the bucket
(blade) and the change in relative speed of
the fluid across the bucket are negligible.
The space surrounding the rotor is not
completely filled with fluid.
The individual jets of fluid striking the
buckets that generates the torque.
Power Developed
P=**g*h*Q
where,
= Efficiency of turbine
= Density of the liquid (kg/m3)
g= Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2)
h= Head (m)
Q= Flow rate (m3/s)
BUCKETS OR VA
SPLITTER
RUNNER
41
Turbine Blade
45
PELTON WHEEL
47
Nozzle:
Nozzle:ItItcontrols
controlsthe
theamount
amountof
ofwater
water
striking
strikingthe
thevanes
vanesof
ofthe
therunner.
runner.
Casing:
Casing:ItItisisused
usedto
toprevent
preventsplashing
splashingof
of
water
waterand
andplays
playsno
nopart
partin
inpower
power
generation.
generation.
Runner
Runner with
with buckets:
buckets: Runner
Runnerisisaa
circular
circulardisc
discon
onthe
theperiphery
peripheryof
ofwhich
whichaa
number
numberof
ofevenly
evenlyspaced
spacedbuckets
bucketsare
are
fixed.
fixed.
Breaking
Breaking Jet:
Jet:To
Tostop
stopthe
therunner
runnerin
inshort
short
time
timebreaking
breakingjet
jetisisused.
used.
48
The
Thehigh
highspeed
speedwater
watercoming
comingout
outof
ofthe
thenozzle
nozzle
strikes
strikesthe
thesplitter
splitterwhich
whichdivides
dividesthe
thejet
jetinto
intotwo
two
equal
equalstreams.
streams.These
Thesestream
streamflow
flowalong
alongthe
the
inner
innercurve
curveof
ofthe
thebucket
bucketand
andleave
leaveititin
inthe
the
direction
directionopposite
oppositeto
tothat
thatof
ofincoming
incomingjet.
jet.The
The
high
highpressure
pressurewater
watercan
canbe
beobtained
obtainedfrom
fromany
any
water
waterbody
bodysituated
situatedat
atsome
someheight
heightor
orstreams
streams
of
ofwater
waterflowing
flowingdown
downthe
thehills.
hills.
The
Thechange
changein
inmomentum
momentum(direction
(directionas
aswell
wellas
as
speed)
speed)of
ofwater
waterstream
streamproduces
producesan
animpulse
impulseon
on
the
theblades
bladesof
ofthe
thewheel
wheelof
ofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.This
This
impulse
impulsegenerates
generatesthe
thetorque
torqueand
androtation
rotationin
inthe
the
shaft
shaftof
ofPelton
PeltonTurbine.
Turbine.
49
The
The draft
draft tube
tube isis aa pipe
pipe of
of gradually
gradually
increasing
increasing area
area which
which connects
connects the
the outlet
outlet
of
ofthe
therunner
runner with
withthe
the tailrace.
tailrace. One
One end
endof
of
the
the draft
draft tube
tube isis connected
connected to
to the
the outlet
outlet
of
of the
the runner
runner while
while the
the other
other end
end isis
submerged
submergedbelow
below the
thelevel
levelof
ofwater
waterin
inthe
the
tail
tailrace.
race.
ItIt creates
creates aa negative
negative head
head at
at the
the outlet
outlet of
of
the
the runner
runner thereby
thereby increasing
increasing the
the net
net
head
headon
onthe
theturbine.
turbine.
ItIt converts
converts aa large
large proportion
proportion of
of rejected
rejected
kinetic
kineticenergy
energyinto
intouseful
usefulpressure
pressureenergy
energy
50
51
Pelton Wheels in a
hydroplant
Components in a Pelton
Wheel
54
55
59
VELOCITY DIAGRAM OF
IMPULSE TURBINE
VELOCITY DIAGRAM OF
REACTION TURBINE
Pressure Compounding
63
N Nozzle
M Moving Blade
F Fixed Blade
Characteristic curves of a
Turbine
These are curves which are characteristic
of a particular turbine which helps in
studying the performance of the turbine
under various conditions. These curves
pertaining to any turbine are supplied by
its manufacturers based on actual tests.
The data that must be obtained obtained
in testing a turbine are the following:
87
88
COMPARISION OF TURBINES
In impulse turbines, the total head available is
first converted into the kinetic energy.
In the reaction turbines, the fluid passes first
through a ring of stationary guide vanes in
which only part of the available total head is
converted into kinetic energy.
The guide vanes discharge directly into the
runner along the whole of its periphery, so
that the fluid entering the runner has
pressure energy as well as kinetic energy. The
pressure energy is converted into kinetic
energy in the runner.
89
90
COMPARISION OF TURBINES
VIDEOS
91
92