Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yale N. Patt
Sanjay J. Patel
Slides prepared by
Gregory T. Byrd, North Carolina State University
1-1
Chapter 1
Welcome Aboard
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-4
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
=
PDA
=
Workstation
Supercomputer
1-5
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Turing Machine
Mathematical model of a device that can perform
any computation Alan Turing (1937)
ability to read/write symbols on an infinite tape
state transitions, based on current state and symbol
a,b
Tadd
a+b
a,b
Tmul
ab
1-6
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
c(a+b)
U is programmable so is a computer!
instructions are part of the input data
a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
cost
cell phone, automotive engine controller, ...
power
cell phone, handheld video game, ...
1-8
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Problem
Problem
Software Design:
choose algorithms and data structures
Algorithm
Algorithm
Programming:
use language to express design
Program
Program
Instr
Instr Set
Set
Architecture
Architecture
Compiling/Interpreting:
convert language to
machine instructions
1-10
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microarch
Microarch
Circuits
Circuits
Devices
Devices
Processor Design:
choose structures to implement ISA
Logic/Circuit Design:
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Process Engineering & Fabrication:
develop and manufacture
lowest-level components
1-11
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Algorithm
step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
Program
express the algorithm using a computer language
high-level language, low-level language
1-12
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Logic Circuits
combine basic operations to realize microarchitecture
many different ways to implement a single function
(e.g., addition)
Devices
properties of materials, manufacturability
1-13
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
FORTRAN
PowerPC
Centrino
C++
Java
Intel x86
Atmel AVR
Pentium 4
Xeon
Ripple-carry adder
CMOS
Jacobi
iteration
Gaussian
elimination
Bipolar
Multigrid
Tradeoffs:
cost
performance
power
(etc.)
Carry-lookahead adder
GaAs
1-14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Course Outline
Bits and Bytes
How do we represent information using electrical signals?
Digital Logic
How do we build circuits to process information?
C Programming
How do we write programs in C?
How do we implement high-level programming constructs?
1-15