Artificial Intelligence:

Toward the Smart Machine?

Artificial intelligence is the ability to
endow computers with intelligence
Partially successful due to obstacles
encountered
Programs can not function intelligently
outside the context for which they were
designed

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Defining Intelligence
No clear consensus on what intelligence really is
Intelligence comprises some or all of the following:
Learn and retain the learned knowledge
Reason on the basis of this knowledge
Adapt to knew circumstances
Plan (develop strategies)
Communicate
Recognize patterns
Compared to the human brain computers accept
smaller amounts of input and poorly recognize patterns,
but calculate and output faster than humans

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
The Turing Test

British computer scientist Alan Turing

propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a
group of unbiased judges can not tell the
difference between computer generated and
human output
Many believe test is too simplistic
Programmers have created programs to trick
the judges

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Brute Force

Using the computers calculating

capabilities to simulate human
intelligence
Computers calculate all possible
options and choose the best one
Used in chess playing programs
IBMs Deep Blue program defeated
Russian chess master Garry
Kasparov

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Achievements

PEGASUS, a spoken language

interface, enables people to obtain
flight information and book
reservations through a telephone
conversation with the computer
A video monitoring computer
drove a car from Washington, DC to
San Diego,CA

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Natural Language

Natural language is the speech people

use everyday
Computers are not good at
understanding and acting on what they
hear
Natural language interfaces are basically
word matching programs
Problems with ambiguity of human
language
Speech recognition programs translate
speech into text

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Machine Translation

Machine translation is using

computers to translate foreign text
automatically
Problems with resolving ambiguities
One program can translate 300,000
words per hour but results contain
many errors

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Expert Systems

Expert systems formulate the knowledge of

human experts according to if-then rules
Eliciting the rules from human experts is called
knowledge representation
Knowledge base is a database of represented
knowledge
The program checks its knowledge base and
comes to a conclusion based on the information
supplied
Used in grammar checking and e-mail antispam programs

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Intelligent Agents
Agents are automatic programs that help the
user
They communicate with the user, understand
their needs, and offer assistance
Microsofts Office Assistant is an example

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Pattern Recognition

Using a digital camera, pattern

recognition software process what they
are seeing and draw connections
between the patterns they perceive and
patterns stored in a database
Used in building security to recognize
suspicious movement

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic makes it possible to

express a proposition with varying
degrees of confidence about its
truthfulness
Helps make artificial intelligence
software work better by automating
forms of reasoning that people use
Video cameras that adjust to jiggling
is an example

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Robots

A robot is a computer-based
device programmed to perform
motions that can accomplish
useful tasks
Robots are performing tasks
such as assembly, welding,
material handling, and material
transport in industry

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Strong Artificial intelligence
Intelligent computers need to have the everyday
knowledge that people have
CYC

COG

Computer scientist Douglas B.

Lenat is programming a computer
with basic facts about the world

MIT professor Rodney A. Brooks

believes intelligence is a set of
behaviors acquired as organisms
interact with their environment

Goal is to create a computer that

knows as much as a 12 year old
Project is known as CYC

Created insect-like robots that

crawled across fields
COG is a humanoid robot

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Neural Networks
Neural networks are computers that mimic
the human brain
Composed of thousands of processors that
are interconnected like neurons in the brain
Neural nets arent programmed, they are
trained
They learn by trial and error
They are good at recognizing patterns,
dealing with complexity and learning from
experience
Neural nets are comparing signatures,
monitoring aircraft engines and predicting
stock market trends

Artificial Intelligence:
Toward the Smart Machine?
Genetic Algorithms

Genetic algorithms involve creating

artificial intelligence by creating laboratory
conditions in which the most intelligent
programs survive.
Based on the evolutionary theories of
biology that organisms try to survive
Algorithms are placed in a computer
environment and are allowed to mutate,
one algorithm emerges as the best at
tackling the problem

The

End

Case Study on AI:

The spacecraft that landed on Mars in the 70s was not designed
for travel on the planets surface, so they sat immobile,
gathering data from their immediate surroundings. A better way
to explore Mars is to send people there. They could drive over
the surface, make surveys, make quick decisions on where to
explore and adapt to any changes in the plan. Humans, however,
cost a great deal to transport to outer space. Astronauts need a
lot of facilities not only for survival but also for comfort since a
trip to Mars takes several years. The ship will also be heavier
and more complex since it must be able to return the crew back
to Earth. Propose a solution to this problem.