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Safety
Consciousness
Pulse & Respiration
Bleeding
Fractures
Poisoning
Shock
Disposal of casualty
4 stages of consciousness
Fully Conscious
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma
Wounds
Incised wound
Laceration
Abrasion(Graze)
Contusion(Bruise)
Puncture wound
Gunshot wound
Treatments
Incised wound
Straight Cut
Profuse bleeding
Caused by blade/ broken glass
Laceration
Rough tear by crushing on ripping
forces
Bleed less profusely than incised
wound
Often contaminated by germs
Abrasion(Graze)
Caused by sliding fall of friction
burn
Superficial wound
Contusion(Bruise)
Blunt blow
Caused by hammer etc.
Puncture wound
Caused by nail and needle
Small site of entry deep track of
internal damage
Risk of infection is high
Gunshot wound
Caused by bullet
Treatments
Remove any clothing from around
the wound
Clean the skin round the wound
and irrigate the wound to remove
any dirt
Cover it with a clean dressing
Dressing
When applying sterile dressing
Remove the wrapping
Unfold the dressing pad, holding
the bandage on each side of the
pad. Put the pad directly on the
wound.
Bleedings
Arterial bleeding
Venous bleeding
Capillary bleeding
Treatment for bleeding
Signs
and symptoms of internal bleeding
Arterial bleeding
Bright red
Spurts out
Under high pressure
Richly oxgenated
Venous bleeding
Dark red
Gushing out
Under lesser pressure than arterial
bleeding
Given up its oxygen
Capillary bleeding
Red in colour
Oozing out
Severe wounds
Apply direct pressure to the wound
in order to stop the flow of the
blood
Apply sterile dressing with firm
pressure to control the bleeding
If there is no fracture, try to raise
the limb that has been wounded &
support it
Signs
Pale, clammy skin
Rapid
weak pulse of internal
andand
symptoms
Rapid, shallow breathing
bleeding
Tenderness in abdomen
Any pain of discomfort
Nausea and/or vomiting
Shock
Fractures
What is a fracture?
Types of fractures
Signs
Treatment
What is a fracture?
A closed, or simple, fracture is
where the broken bone ends remain
beneath the skin, whereas an open,
or compound, fracture is where
both ends of the bone protrude
through the skin
Types of fractures
Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Complicated fracture ( includes organs)
Neck fracture
Skull fracture
Fractured ribs
Greenstick Fracture(happen to small
children )
Signs
Swelling
Deformity or projecting bone ends
Severe pain, made worse by
movement
Bruised
Tenderness
Treatment
Do not try to force the bones back
together again but seek medical
assistance
Treat all open wounds with a clean
dressing
Splint the fractured area in exactly
the position that you find it in,
pending removal to hospital or the
arrival of expert medical aid
Burns
- Type of burn
First degree
Second degree
Third degree
First degree
Top layer of skin
Skin turns red and then peels off
Treatment: Rehydrating creams,
Cool water at regular intervals
Second degree
Deeper damage to the skin, causing
blisters. Shock.
Treatment: Use antibacterial
dressing, or leave wound undressed
but kept scrupulously clean.
Third degree
Damage to all layers of skin
Treatment: Requires specialist
treatment
Cardio- Pulmonary
Resuscitation
What is CPR?
Steps of CPR
What is CPR?
Used when the patient has stopped
breathing and when there is no
pulse
Only be performed by someone
who has had training in this
method
Steps of CPR
Tilt victims head backwards in order
to open the airway
Pinch the victims nose with thumb
and forefinger
Take a deep breath, place your mouth
tightly over the victims mouth and
blow air from yours into their mouth
Shock
What is shock?
Signs
Treatment
What is shock?
Rapid lowering of blood pressure
owing to lack of circulating
volume to vital body organs, such
as the brain, heart, liver and
kidneys.
Signs
Treatment
Asthma attack
Treatment
Reassure and calm casualty
Find a position that the person finds
comfortable
Tell him/her to try taking slow, deep
breaths
Help to find the reliever(Blue)
End of presentation!!
Hope you have learnt more
about First Aid !!!