PENGANTAR BELAJAR DAN TEKNOLOGI

(INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING AND

TECHNOLOGY)

Oleh:
Paramita Isabella

LEARNING
What Exactly Is Learning?

Learning is a relatively permanent change in someone's

knowledge based on the person's experience
(Mayer, 2008, p. 7).

Learning is a persisting change in performance or

performance potential that results from experience and
interaction with the world (Driscoll, 2005, p. 1).

Learning is an enduring change in behavior, or in the

capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from
practice or other forms of experience (Schunk, 2008, p. 2).

How Does Learning Typically Occur?

Learning may occur in a number of ways. For example, it
may come about through:
(a) direct experience (e.g., touching a hot stove and
learning about the pain associated with such a touch);
(b) vicarious experience (e.g., learning by watching
someone else go through an experience such as
touching a hot stove);
(c) instructional presentation (e.g., learning through a
presentation, reading, etc.,) to recognize, identify, and
properly be wary of hot surfaces;
(d) a combination of any or all of the ways previously
mentioned.

The selection of the optimal format of learning depends on

several factors. Each factor must be considered before
selecting the type of learning experience. The factors to
consider include the learner, the learning environment, and the
content that is to be learned.

Developmental level, learning styles, gender, ethnicity,

intelligence, ete., all impact the degree to which a learner
gains from a specific type of learning experience. Likewise, the
learning environment will allow and restrict the type of learning
experience that can be selected and used.

There is some content

that lends itself to direct
experience and other
content that does not.

W H Y I S T H E S T U DY O F L E A R N I N G I M P O R TAN T ?

Learning is complex. It may occur across all types of tasks, for

all types of learners, and in various environments .

The study of learning focuses on identifying and describing

general conditions and principles that facilitate and/or inhibit
learning and determining how they can be best utilized to
promote reliable learning.

The study of learning helps learners, and those who guide

learning, to strategically identify, select, implement, and
evaluate key elements of an experience that will ensure
reliable changes in desired behavior.

Benefits that are directly connected with the study of learning include:

Effectiveness
Efficiency
Transfer
Impact
Appeal

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HOW CAN THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE BE

ENHANCED?

The learning experience may be enhanced in

various ways in order to increase effectiveness,
efficiency, transfer, impact, and appeal.

Although the quality of the learning experience

can be enhanced in a number of ways, we will
concentrate on how to enhance the learning
experience through the meaningful integration of
various technologies both for the learner and for
the individual who will be creating the learning
experience.

TECHNOLOGY
Technology has been referred to as the systematic
application of scientific or other organized
knowledge to practical tasks" (Galbraith, 1967, p.
12).
In other words, it is "the application of science to
industry" (Mehlinger & Powers, 2002, p. 10). Note the
emphasis on application within these definitions.
Teknologi

Dasar
peneliti
an
dan

Permasala
han
praktis

What Exactly Is Educational Technology?

Formally stated, educational technology is the

"application of technological processes and tools which
can be used to solve problems of instruction and
learning" (Seels & Richey, 1994, p. 4).

It serves as the bridge between those who conduct

research on human learning (e.g., psychologists,
linguists) and those students and teachers who face
practical learning challenges.

Resultant application tools include principles, processes,

and products that teachers and students use :0 enhance
learning.

How Is Educational Technology Utilized?

To utilize the tools of educational technology, the
following should be considered:

How should the learning experience be

constructed?

How should it be delivered/experienced?

How can we evaluate it to know if it worked

and how it should be improved?

What Is the Meaningful Integration of Technology?

The meaningful integration of technology is knowing when,

why, and how specific tools should be used to facilitate
overall learning.

It

requires both the ability to plan and select the optimal

application tools, as well as the knowledge and skill to
implement and evaluate their effectiveness.

Meaningful

integration means that the use of the technology

allows for an experience that otherwise would not have been
fully experienced.

"If technologies are used to foster

meaningful learning, then they will not be
used as delivery vehicles. Rather,
technologies should be used as engagers
and facilitators of thinking."

PLAN, IMPLEMENT, EVALUATE (PIE):

A RELIABLE MODEL TO
IMPACT LEARNING

The planning required

that ensures instruction is
developed and sequenced
in a manner to effectively
promote learning

Implementing the
instruction

Evaluating the
instruction, including
assessing the student's
learning

In planning, the focus is on what students

are to learn, as well as when, why, and how it
might best be accomplished. The result is an
outline, lesson plan, or blueprint of the
learning experience that will bring about the
desired goal.

Implementation focuses on putting the plan

into action based on wh.at situational
constraints exist, using selected instructional
materials and activities.

The emphasis during evaluation is on the

assessment of the effectiveness of the
materials. This is a time to reflect on what was
accomplished, to compare that with your desired
goal, to suggest changes in future planning and
implementation, and to complete suggested
revisions and fix-ups.

THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER

Teacher as an Instructional Expert

An integral part in most

educational settings is the
teacher.

The most important function is

that which Woolfolk (1990) refers
to as the "instructional expert.

Over the years, the functions of teachers as

instructional experts have remained relatively
constant. Whether direct or indirect, good or
bad, teachers heavily influence what students
experience and subsequently learn in the
classroom.

Using the plan, implement, and evaluate

model, the expertise of the teacher is shown
to be needed in each of these areas.
During planning, teachers identify students'
instructional needs by recognizing exis!ing
gaps between current and desired levels of
skills and knowledge and then selecting
instructional methods and strategies to meet
those needs.

After teachers assemble or produce needed instructional

materials, they then become "directors of learning activities"
(Ausubel, Novak, & Hanesian, 1978).
The final role for the instructional expert is that of evaluator of
student learning, as well as the overall learning experience.

THE ROLE OF INSTRUCTION

Instruction is "the deliberate arrangement of

learning conditions to promote the attainment
of some intended goal" (Driscoll, 2005, pp.
352-353).

Several key questions need to be addressed:

a) How is the instruction planned?
b) How will the instruction be experienced?
c) What tools will be needed in order to
successfully design and deliver the
instruction?

Instructional Design (How is the instruction planned?)

Instructional design is "the systematic and reflective process of

translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for
instructional materials, activities, infonnation resources, and
evaluation" (Smith & Ragan, 2005, p. 4).

Educational Media (How will the instruction be experienced?)

A medium "refers to anything that carries information between a

source and a receiver" (Smaldino, Lowther, & Russell, 2008, p. 6).

Educational Computing (What tools will be needed in order to

successfully design and deliver the instruction?)

Educational computing is defmed as the use ofthe computer in the

teaching and. learning process.

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY: A BRIEF HISTORY
Instructional Design Roots

Educational Media Roots

Educational Computing Roots

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY TODAY