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Fluids
Engineering
AFD
EFD
CFD
U 0
DU
1 2
p
U ui u j
Dt
Re
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Fluids
Engineering
Fluid Element Under Shear Force
What is a fluid ?
dU
Pseudo-plastic
Shear thinning
Plastic
Newtonian
Shear-thickening
dy
Ideal fluid
Rate of shear, dU/dy
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Fluids
Engineering
Density if this remains constant in a flow, the fluid is incompressible (ratio of mass by Volume)
Viscosity a measure of resistance to flow
varies with temperature for Newtonian fluids
varies with local flow conditions (strain and shear) for non-Newtonian
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Faces of Fluid
Mechanics
Archimedes
(C. 287-212 BC)
Navier
(1785-1836)
Newton
(1642-1727)
Stokes
(1819-1903)
Leibniz
(1646-1716)
Reynolds
(1842-1912)
Bernoulli
(1667-1748)
Euler
(1707-1783)
Prandtl
(1875-1953)
Taylor
(1886-1975)
Engineers have different kinds of tools available for solving fluids engineering systems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) Simplification of the governing equation
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Experiments of scale models
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Discritize governing eq and solve by computers
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Analytical Fluid
Mechanics
Linear
2000
Assumptions: Fully developed, Low
1
f
k D
2.51
1 2
3.7 Re f
2log
Approach: Simplify momentum equation, integrate, apply boundary conditions (no-slip wall) to
determine integration constants and use energy equation to calculate head loss
0
2
2
u
u
gx
2
2
Dt
x
y
x
Du
Exact solution :
Friction factor:
Head loss:
u(r) 1 ( p)(R2 r 2)
4 x
8 du
f 8 w dy w 64
V 2 V 2 Re
p1
p
z1 2 z2 h f
L V 2 32 LV
hf f
D 2g
D2
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Experimental Fluid
Mechanics
Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids engineering systems, including
full and model scales, large and table top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data
acquisition and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and similarity.
EFD philosophy:
Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the expected test outcome, to
achieve the test objectives within allowable uncertainties.
Integration of all test phases should be a key part of entire experimental program
test design
determination of error sources
estimation of uncertainty
documentation of the results
Purpose:
Science & Technology: understand and investigate a phenomenon/process, substantiate and
validate a theory (hypothesis)
Research & Development: document a process/system, provide benchmark data (standard procedures,
validations), calibrate instruments, equipment, and facilities
Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data for direct use, product liability, and acceptance
Teaching: demonstration
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Applications of
EFD
Science & Technology
Industrial Application
Teaching
Fluid Mechanics Lab
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Experimental Test
Facility
Fluid flow and Heat transfer in Porous
Media
20W
13
14
v
10
T p
7
5
12
11
8888
12
6
1
2
3
1: Reciprocating Compressor, 2: Moisture Filter, 3: Desiccant Dryer, 4: Dust Filter, 5: Pressure Regulator, 6: By Pass, 7: Orifice Plate, 8: Micro Manometers, 9: Test - Section, 10: Traversing Arrangement, 11: Data Acquisition
System, 12: Computer, 13: Temperature Indicator Panel, 14: DC Power Supply
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Measurement
System
Instrumentation
Pressure transducers
Pitot tubes
Hotwire anemometry
PIV, LDV
Data acquisition
Desktop PCs
DA software - Labview
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Instrumentatio
n
Pitot tube
Hotwire
3D - PIV
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Instrumentation(con
td)
Velocity Thermistor 10X
Calibration certificate
Transverse Arrangement
Exit Thermocouples
Bulk
T
b
Temperature
5mm
Adiabatic
Wall
1
u A
m c
TudA
c
10mm
10mm
10mm
10mm
5mm
35.0C
34.4C
34.4C
35.1C
39.4C
2.98m/s
1.19m/s
1.38m/s
1.19m/s
0.97m/s
36.5C
1.20m/s
35.5C
1.41m/s
35.4C
1.62m/s
35.7C
1.41m/s
37.4C
1.20m/s
38.6C
1.09m/s
37.0C
1.24m/s
36.8C
1.34m/s
37.3C
1.24m/s
39.0C
1.09m/s
40.0C
38.4C
38.3C
38.8C
40.2C
0.95m/s
1.20m/s
1.36m/s
1.20m/s
0.95m/s
Adiabatic
Wall
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Data Acquisition
system
Agilent 34970A Bench
Link Data Logger
Temperature Indicator
Wattmeter
RTD Indicator
Thermo couple
Indicator
Temperature
Controller
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Uncertainty
Analysis
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment using statistical
and engineering concepts
E LE M EN TA L
ERRO R SO UR CES
IN D IV ID U A L
M EASUREM ENT
SYSTEM S
X
1
B , P
X
2
B , P
X
J
B , P
M EASUREM ENT
O F IN D IV ID U A L
V A R IA B L E S
r = r ( X , X ,......, X )
1
r
B , P
r
D A T A R E D U C T IO N
E Q U A T IO N
E X P E R IM E N T A L
R E S U LT
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EFD
Process
EFD
Process
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Learn about
CFD
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Learn about
CFD
Using CFD, we can build a computational model that represents a system or device that you want
to study - then you apply the fluid flow physics and chemistry to this virtual prototype, and the
software will output a prediction of the fluid dynamics and related physical phenomena.
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Learn about
CFD
Benefits of CFD:
Three compelling reasons to used CFD is
In-sight
Fore-sight
Efficiency
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Learn about
CFD
Applications of CFD:
Aerospace
Aerospace
Automotive
Biomedical
Chemical Processing
HVAC
Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine
Biomedicine
Automotive
Learn about
CFD
Flow Processing
Applications of CFD:
Aerospacee
Automotive
Biomedical
Flow Processing
HVAC(Heat Ventilation Air
Condition)
Hydraulics
Power Generation
Sports
Marine
Hydraulics
HVAC
Streamlines for workstation
ventilation
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Physics of Fluid:
Ns
3 ( Poise)
m
const
incompressible
variable
compressible
Air(18C)
Water(20C)
Honey(20C)
1.275
1000
1446
1.82e-4
1.002e-2
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CFD by numbers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Physical Significance/Identify
the Geometry Domain
Geometry Domain:
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Discretizatio
n
Discretization - method to approximate the differential equations by a system of algebraic
equations which can be solved on a computer
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Gri
d
Structured Grids
all nodes have the same
number of elements around it
it is only for simple domains
2.
Un - Structured Grids
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Discretization of
Mathematics
Infinitesimal Fluid Volume
Consistency
Truncation error : difference between discrete eq and exact one
Stability
Convergence
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Direct methods
Iterative methods
Gauss elimination
LU decomposition
Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm (TDMA)
- number of operations for a NN system is
- time and storage space acceptable
Algorith
m
Jacobi method
Gauss-Seidel method
Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR)
Conjugate Gradient Method (CG)
Multigrid methods
- repeated application of a simple algorithm
- only non-zero coefficients need to be stored
A Q
n n
A n Q n
A n n
n Approximate solution after n iteration
n Iteration error
n residual
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Typical CFD
Project
3m
Le
Dh
0.05Re D
h
Porous
Zone
Duct Inlet
Duct Outlet
Porous Insert Inlet
Porous Insert
Outlet
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Typical CFD
Project
Separate hydraulic
Exp. To determine
45 mm
10 mm
K&C
test section
10 mm
10 mm
30 mm
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7000
Dh
0.05Re D
h
6000
Le
5000
4000
3000
Exp plug f low
Num plug f low
2000
1000
Le = 2.1 m
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Crack initiated in fatigue on the outside of the body along the edge of the letter A
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Typical CFD
Project
1.
2.
3.
4.
Geometric Definition
Typical CFD
Project
Geometry
Physics
Mesh
Solve
Reports
PostProcessing
Select
Geometry
Heat Transfer
ON/OFF
Unstructured
(automatic/
manual)
Steady/
Unsteady
Forces Report
Contours
Structured
(automatic/
manual)
Iterations/
Steps
XY Plot
Vectors
Flow
properties
Convergent
Limit
Verification
Streamlines
Viscous Model
Precisions
(single/
double)
Validation
Boundary
Conditions
Numerical
Scheme
Geometry
Parameters
Domain Shape
and Size
Compressible
ON/OFF
(lift/drag, shear
stress, etc)
Initial
Conditions
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Commercial Software
Tools
Solid Works
Cubit
CFX
Techplot
Pro E
ICEM-CFD
Phoenix
MAT-LAB
AutoCAD
Grid Pro
StarCD
Fieldview
Gambit
Geometry
Modeler
Grid
Generator
Pre-processing
Fluent
Flow
Solver
Flow
Analysis
Post-processing
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