IsThereMultipleIntelligence?

EQvs.IQ

DefinitionofIntelligence
The ability to learn or understand or to deal
with new or trying situations : the skilled use
of reason
The cognitive abilities of an individual to
learn from experience, to reason well, and to
cope effectively with the demands of daily
living.

What is Intelligence?
"Intelligence, as a hypothetical
construct, is the aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to act
purposefully, to think rationally, and to
deal effectively with his environment
- Wechsler

WhatisIntelligence?

Although experts differ on an exact definition of

intelligence most agree that intelligent behavior has
at least two components:
1. The ability to learn from experience.
2. The ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.

FactorsofGeneralIntelligenceTests
1.VerbalComprehensionvocabulary,verbal
analogies
2.Numbermathematicaloperations
3.Spacevisualspatialandmentaltransformation
4.AssociativeMemoryrotememory
5.PerceptualSpeedquicknessinnoticing
similaritiesanddifferences
6.Reasoningskillininductive,deductive,and
mathproblems

What Do We Know About IQ?

Predicts school grades relatively well

Does not predict success in life
Predicts 6% of job success
Peaks in late teens
Culture-bound, Gender Bias, SES
Racial controversies
Gets you in the door
Professional schools (medicine, dentistry, law)
Can help you get hired (Harvard MBA)
Static

What is Emotionally Intelligent Behaviour?

Non-Ability Factors Role:
"individuals with identical IQ's may differ very
markedly in regard to their effective ability to cope with
their environmentIt is not possible to account for more
than 50% to 70% of the intertest correlational variance
after all recognizable intellectual factors are eliminated.
This leaves any where from 30% to 50% of the total
factorial variance unaccounted for. It is suggested that
this residual variance is largely contributed by such
factors as drive, energy, impulsiveness, etc."
- Wechsler

Where Did the Concept of Emotional Intelligence

Come From?
In 1983, Gardner first published his theory, derived from extensive
brain research, on Multiple Intelligence including intrapersonal (self
awareness/self management) and interpersonal (relationship
awareness/management)
Reuven Bar-On (1988) has placed EI in the context of personality
theory, specifically a model of well-being
Peter Salovey and John Mayer first proposed their theory of emotional
intelligence (EI) in 1990 and defined it
Goleman (1995-2003) has popularized the concept of emotional
intelligence and formulated EI in terms of a theory of job and work
performance

Gardners Seven Intelligences

Intelligence Core Components
Logicalmathematical
Linguistic

End-States

Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical Scientist

or numerical patterns; ability to handle long Mathematician
chains of reasoning.
Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and
meanings of words; sensitivity to the
different functions of language.

Poet
Journalist

Musical

Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm,

pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms
of musical expressiveness.

Violinist
Composer

Spatial

Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial

world accurately and to perform
transformations on ones initial perceptions.

Sculptor
Navigator

Gardners Seven Intelligences

Intelligence Core Components

End-States

BodilyKinesthetic

Abilities to control ones body

movements and to handle objects
skillfully.

Dancer
Athlete

Interpersonal

Capacities to discern and respond

appropriately to the moods,
temperaments, motivations, and desires
of other people.

Therapist
Salesman

Intrapersonal

Access to ones own feelings and the

ability to discriminate among them and
draw upon them to guide behavior;
knowledge of ones own strengths,
weaknesses, desires, and intelligences.

Person with
detailed
accurate selfknowledge

Is There Multiple Intelligence?

Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social
situations and managing oneself successfully

Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and
regulate emotions

What is Emotionally Intelligent Behaviour?

Intelligence Does Not = Behaviour

I look upon intelligence as an effect rather

than a cause, that is, as a resultant of
interacting abilities - nonintellective included.
The problem confronting psychologists today
is how these abilities interact to give the
resultant effect we call intelligence."
- Wechsler

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Mayer-Salovey Model
MSCEIT
Performance or ability measure
Bar-On Model
EQ-I
Self-report measure
Goleman Model
ECI - Self Report Measure
360 measure

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Emotional intelligence involves the abilities
to perceive, appraise, and express emotion; to
access and/or generate feelings when they
facilitate thought; to understand emotion and
emotional knowledge; and to regulate
emotions to promote emotional and
intellectual growth
- Mayer & Salovey (1997)

Mayer - Salovey Model

Social communications requires accurate
perception of content, as well as tone and nonverbal signals such as posture and facial expression
Emotions are complex, and people can experience
a combination of different emotions
Many theorists agree that basic emotions have
universal meaning - universal across cultures and
even across certain species.

Testing Emotional Intelligence

How should you measure an
intelligence?
With an ability test
Ask person to solve problems
Gauge their ability to do so
accurately and/or quickly

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)
MSCEITisanabilitybasedmeasuredesignedtoassess

EmotionalIntelligence.

Itisaperformancebasedscale,meaningitmeasureshow
wellanindividualperformstasksandsolvesemotional
problemsinsteadofsimplyjustaskingindividualsfortheir
subjectiveassessmentoftheiremotionalskills.
Itwasdevelopedfromanintelligencetestingperspective.

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Model (MSCEIT)

Scales
Identifying Emotions: identify emotions in faces
Using Emotions to Facilitate Thought: use emotions
to solve problems
Understanding Emotions: figure out what makes
people tick
Managing Emotions: make optimal decisions

Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test

EXPERIENTIAL

STRATEGIC

IDENTIFY

FACILITATE

UNDERSTAND

MANAGE

FACES

SENSATIONS

CHANGES

EMOT. MAN.

PICTURES

FACILITATE

BLENDS

EMOT. RELAT.

MSCEIT Structure
Identify Emotions
- Faces: 3 faces (4 5-part Qs)
- Pictures: 6 designs (6 5-part Qs)
Facilitating Thought (Use Emotions)
- Sensations: 5 situations (5 3-part Qs)
- Facilitation: 5 problems (5 3-part Qs)
Understand Emotions
- Changes: 20 item (20 Qs)
- Blends: 12 items (12 Qs)
Manage Emotions
- Emotion Management: 5 situations (5 4-part)
- Emotional Relationships: 3 situations (3 3-part)

Identify Emotions
Ability
Accurately identify emotions in people and
objects
Question Types
Identify emotions in faces, landscapes, and
designs.
How the Ability May Be Used
"Read" people's moods for feedback.

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

MSCEIT

How much is each feeling below expressed by this face?

1. No Happiness

Extreme
Happiness

2. No Fear

Extreme
Fear

INSTRUCTIONS: How much is each feeling

expressed by this picture?
1
2
3
4
5
1.Happiness
2.Sadness
Ability
Accurately identify emotions in people and objects
How the Ability May Be Used
"Read" people's moods for feedback.

Facilitate Thought
Ability
Generate an emotion and solve problems with
that emotion
Question Types
How moods impact thinking; relating feelings
to thoughts
How the Ability May Be Used
Creating the right feeling to assist in problem
solving, communicating a vision, leading
people.

1. What mood(s) might be helpful

to feel when meeting in-laws for
the very first time?
Not Useful

Useful

a. tension

b. surprise

c. joy

Ability
Generate an emotion and solve problems with that emotion
How the Ability May Be Used
Creating the right feeling to assist in problem solving,
communicating a vision, leading people.

Understand Emotions
Ability
Understand the causes of emotions
Question Types
Multiple choice emotion vocabulary questions.
How the Ability May Be Used
Being able to predict how people will
emotionally react.

1.

Tom felt anxious, and became a bit

stressed when he thought about all
the work he needed to do. When
his supervisor brought him an
additional project, he
felt_______________.
a. overwhelmed
b. depressed
c. ashamed
d. self-conscious
e. jittery

Ability
Understand the causes of emotions
How the Ability May Be Used
Being able to predict how people will emotionally react.

Manage Emotions
Ability
Stay open to emotions and blend with
thinking.
Question Types
Indicate effectiveness of various solutions to
problems.
How the Ability May Be Used
Integrate emotion and thought to make
effective decisions.

Scoring an Ability Test of

Emotional Intelligence
An intelligence implies that there are better and
worse answers or responses.
Problem with the ability approach:
Is there a right way to feel?
Indeed, there are emotional issues that cannot
be measured this way!
Whats the right response to someone
shouting?

Scoring an Ability Test of

Emotional Intelligence

Scoring The MSCEIT

Consensus scoring is used based on
the full standardization sample
Expert scoring is used based on a
sample of 21 members of the
International Society for Research in
Emotions

Consensus Scoring
Consensus

scoring has been used with

great success.
It is based upon the agreement of a large
number of people.
For example, if 70 percent of people felt
that a photo was of a very happy person,
then the best answer for the photo would
be happiness.

Expert Scoring
Based on Wechsler intelligence tests
Responses to intelligence test questions
are categorized
Experts (psychologists) rate quality of
responses
Compare test-takers response to
experts ratings

Consensus and Expert Scoring

Converge
Consensus and expert choices for the right
answers are in general agreement! The MSCEIT r
for agreement ranges from .90 upward
So, there are better and worse answers in
general. When there are enough experts, both
general and expert participants now mostly
agree.

How Was the MSCEIT Standardized?

Standardized
Standardized on 5000
Participants Across over
50 English-speaking data
sites in:
Australia
Canada
India
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States

Ages 17 to 79
Reports matched
to United States
Census Data on
age, gender,
ethnicity and
education

MSCEIT Reliability
MSCEIT .93

EXPERIENCE .90

STRATEGIC .88

IDENTIFY .91

FACIL/USE .79

UNDERSTAND .80

MANAGE .83

Faces .80

Synesthesia .64

Blends .66

Emtn Mangmt .69

Pictures .88

Facilitation .65

Changes .70

Emtn Rltns .67

Split-Half Reliabilities of the MSCEIT

(Odd-even split; N = 1,985)
O v e r a ll E I Q
r = .9 3
E x p e r ie n t ia l
A re a
r = .9 0
P e r c e iv in g
E m o t io n
r = .9 1

U s in g
E m o t io n
r = .7 9

R e a s o n in g
A re a
r = .8 8
U n d e r s t a n d in g
E m o t io n
r = .8 0

M a n a g in g
E m o t io n
r = .8 3

Source:Mayer,Salovey,Caruso,&Sitarenios(2003),Emotion

In Two Large-Sample Studies (N > 1700),

Confirmatory Factor Analyses Show Good
Fits for the 1, 2, and 4 Factor Models
O v e r a ll E I Q
E x p e r ie n t ia l
A re a
P e r c e iv in g
E m o t io n

U s in g
E m o t io n

R e a s o n in g
A re a
U n d e r s t a n d in g
E m o t io n

M a n a g in g
E m o t io n

T MSCEIT is Essentially Independent

of the Following Tests (Ns > 100):

Intelligence Tests

r = .00 to .40

Big Five Personality Scales

r = .00 to .35

Self-report Scales of EQ,

optimism, empathy

r = .00 to .35

Sources: Bracket & Mayer, in press; Caruso, Mayer, & Salovey,

2002; Ciarrochi, Chan & Caputo, 2000; Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey,
1999; Roberts, Zeidner, & Mathews, forthcoming; Salovey, Mayer,
Caruso,& Lopez, in press.

Low Scores on the MSCEIT Predicted

these Negative Aspects of Relationships:

More fights, drug use

r = .21 to .40,
p < .05

More alcohol and tobacco use

r = .15 to 24, p
< .05

Higher ratings of aggression by peers

at school

r = .20 to .46,
p < .001

Sources: Brackett & Mayer, in press; Brackett, Mayer, & Warner, under review;
Formica, 1999; Trinidad & Johnson, 2001; Rubin, 2000; N = 48.

MSCEITS Criterion Validity

Criterion:
Behavior
Self-Improvement
-.16**
Rational Control
-.39**
Life Enthusiasm
.22**
Relatedness
.30**
Destructive Behavior -.33**

503
208
208
208
208

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

Emotional intelligence is an array of
noncognitive capabilities, competencies, and
skills that influence ones ability to succeed in
coping with environmental demands and
pressures
- Bar-On (1997)

Why Was the BarOn EQ-i Developed?

To help answer a basic question:
Why do some people with high IQ fail in
life, while others with moderate IQ
succeed?

Dr. BarOn and Emotional

Intelligence
Dr. Reuven Bar-On began in 1980
factors that were related to success in life
why some people with moderate IQ do well
in life while others with high IQ fail
Distinct from IQ (cognitive intelligence)
components resemble personality factors,
but can change and can be altered

Steps in the Development of BarOn EQ-i

Identified key determinants of success

Clustered determinants of success into factors
Operationally defined the factors
Constructed the EQ-i
Examined the factor structure, reliability, & validity
Validated the EQ-i across cultures
Extensively normed (>10,000)
Continued validation

How Does the EQ-i Work?

133 brief items answered on a 5-point scale from Not True of
Me to True of Me
30 minutes to complete
Standard scores based on 100 as the average, Standard
Deviation of 15
Includes the following scales:
Total EQ
5 EQ Composite Scales
15 EQ Content Scales
4 Validity Scales

BarOn/EQ-i Factors
Intra-Personal
Emotional Self-Awareness
Assertiveness
Self-Regard
Self-Actualization
Independence
Inter-Personal
Interpersonal Relationship
Empathy
Social Responsibility

Adaptability
Problem Solving
Flexibility
Reality Testing
Stress Management
Stress Tolerance
Impulse Control
General Mood
Optimism
Happiness

BarOn/EQ-i
Sample Test Items:
I have good relations with others
Im fun to be with
I like helping people

Rating Scale:
1 = Very Seldom or Not True of me
5 = Very Often True of Me or True of Me

EQ-I Scoring
Standard Score
Guideline
Markedly High
130+
Atypically well developed emotional capacity
120-129
Very High
Extremely well developed emotional capacity
110-119
High
Well developed emotional capacity
90-109
Average
Adequate emotional capacity
80-89
Low
Under-developed emotional capacity
70-79
Very Low
Extremely under-developed emotional capacity
Under 70
Markedly Low
Atypically impaired emotional capacity

Sample Sizes
Over10,000usedduringR&D

3,831usedforthenorms

Age
Less than 30
30 to 39
40 to 49
50 or over

Males
678
432
452
214

Females
814
404
420
229

Subgroup Representation

Reliability and Validity

Good reliability
test-retest (>.6 @ 4mths)
Cronbachs alpha (.75 to .89)
Good validity
construct (with other psych. tests)
varying relationships (weak to strong)
correlation with coping, IQ, and
occupational success

EQ-I
Differences
EQ
andand
AgeAge
(n=3831)

Some of the Applications of the EQ-i

Recruiting high
performers
Retaining high
performers
Teambuilding
Managing diversity
Leadership development
Coaching
Performance
management

Risk management
Self development
Change management
Merger integration &
re-shaping culture
Restructuring &
realignment
Stress management
Career planning

EQ-i Seems Similar to Existing Models

EQ-i - Bar-Ons test

NEO PI-R - Costa & McCrae

Intrapersonal
Emotional self-awareness,
assertiveness, self-regard, selfactualization, independence

Extraversion
Warmth, gregariousness, optimism,
assertiveness, high-energy

Interpersonal
Empathy, interpersonal
relationship, social responsibility
Stress Management
Problem solving, reality testing,
flexibility
Adaptability
Stress tolerance, impulse control
General Mood
happiness, optimism

Neuroticism
Stress tolerance, impulse control,
anger, depression, anxiety

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

If these are measuring the same thing, there
should be a significant, positive correlation
amongst the measures.
Predicted r = + .50 or more

EQ-i

MSCEIT

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

However, the measures are not highly related.

Actual r = .00 to .15

EQ-i

MSCEIT

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

What Does This Mean?
EQ-I and the MSCEIT measure relatively
different things.
How can they both be predicting emotional
intelligence?
How do we use the EQ-I and the MSCEIT?

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

The answers lie in the intelligence / IQ
models of Wechsler:
- Bar-On influenced by Wechslers
search for non-intellective factors.
- Mayer & Salovey working in an
intelligence ability framework.

What Is Emotional Intelligence?

MSCEIT measures fundamental abilities
of emotional intelligence as measured in
an objective manner.
EQ-I measures the non-intellective
factors that impact emotionallyintelligent behavior as reported by the
person.

Research on the Effects of

Intelligence (EI) on Career Success
IQ

EI

CAREER
ADVANCEMENT

LOW EI

CAREER
DERAILMENT

EQ & Work Success (n = 100)

Source: A scientific study of 100 university-educated

bank employees using the Bar-On EQ-i conducted by
Joseph Hee-Woo Jae, Ateneo Manila University,
Philippines.

What Emotional Intelligence Is Not

Cognitive Intelligence (IQ)

IQ is necessary but EQ allows the stars to rise

to the top
EQ and IQ are not highly correlated (about r = .
1)
estimated that 1% of the variance accounting
for occupational success can be attributed to
IQ
EQ is estimated to account for 3 to 27% of
occupational success