SOME SOLVENTS FOR LIQUID

PREPARATION
ALCOHOL, USP: ETHYL ALCOHOL
ETHANOL,
DILUTED ALCOHOL, NF
RUBBING ALCOHOL
GLYCERIN, USP (GLYCEROL)
ISOPROPYL RUBBING ALCOHOL
PROPYLENE GLYCOL USP
PURIFIED WATER

ALCOHOL, USP: ETHYL

ALCOHOL ETHANOL, C2H5 OH
Most useful solvent.
together with water it forms a hdyroalcoholic mixture
that dissolves both alcoholic-soluble and water soluble substances.
useful in the extraction of active constituents from crude drug.
Alcohol, USP, contain 94.9% to 96.0% by volume.
Dehydrated Alcohol, USP, contains not less than 99.5% by volume.
recognized as a solvent and excipient in oral pharmaceutical
products.
is often preferred because of its miscibility with water and its ability to
dissolve may water-insoluble ingredients.

USES
Used

as other solvent such as, Glycols and glycerin

to reduce the amount of alcoholic required.
Used as antimicrobial preservatives alone or with
parabens, benzoates sorbates.
Alcohol has recommended content limit
For oral product intended for children under 6 years
of age, recommended alcohol content limit is 0.5%
And for product intended for children 6 to 12 year of
age is 5%.
And for over 12 years of age and for adults is 10%

DILUTED ALCOHOL, NF
Is prepared by mixing equal volumes of alcohol,
USP, and Purified water, USP
Uses

Is useful hydroalcoholic solvent in various

pharmaceutical processes and preparation.

RUBBING ALCOHOL

Contain about 70% ethyl alcohol by volume

( the remainder consisting of water denaturants
with or without color additives and perfumes and
stabilizers).
Each 100% mL, must contain not less than 335mg
of sucrose octaacetate or 1.4 mg of denatonium
benzoate, bitter substance that discourage
accidental or obusive oral ingestion

The product is volatile and flammable.

Should be stored in a tight container remote from

fire.

It is employed as rubefacient externally.

It use as vehicle for topical preparation

GLYCERIN, USP(GLYCEROL),
Is a clear syrup liquid with a sweet taste.
miscible with both water and alcohol.
It is comparable with alcohol because of his
viscosity,
Solutes are slowly soluble in it unless it is
rendered less viscous by heating.
Has preservatives quantities.

ISOPROPYL RUBBING
ALCOHOL

is contain 70% by volume isopropyl alcohol

the remainders consisting of water with or
without color additives, stabilizers and perfume
oils.
Uses
used as externally as a rubefacient and
soothing rub.
in commercial available 91% isopropyl
alcohol as solution are commonly employed by
diabetic patient in preparing needles and
syringes for hypodermic injection of insulin and
for disinfecting the skin

PROPYLENE GLYCOL, USP

A

viscous liquid,
Is miscible with water and alcohol.
USES
Useful solvent with a wide range of
application and is frequently substituted for
glycerin in modern pharmaceutical
formulation.

PURIFIED WATER
Purified

water usually contain less than 0.1% of total

solid, determined by evaporating a 100-ml sample
dryness and weigh the residue.
Purified water should be clear, colorless, odorless and
only slightly acidic alkaline
Ordinary drinking from the tap, it has incompatibilities
between dissolve solid and the medicinal agents being
added.
Sign of incompatibilities:
1. precipitation
2. Discoloration
3. occasionally effervescence
. use in permitted washing on extraction of crude
vegetables drugs, in preparation of product for
external use.

Purified water, USP, is obtained by

DISTILLATION, ION EXCHANGE TREATMENT
AND REVERSE OSMOSIS.
It has fewer solid impurities than ordinary
drinking water.
Is intended for use in the preparation of
aqueous dosage form except those
intended for parenteral administration.

LINIMENTS

are alcoholic or oleaginous solution or emulsion of

various medicinal substance intended to be rubbed
in the skin.
It is useful in rubefacient, counterirritant or
penetrating action is desired
Oleaginous liniments are employed when massage
is desired.
Are not applied to skin areas that are broken or
bruised because excessive irritation might be result.
All liniment should bear a label indicating that they
are suitable only for EXTERNAL use and must never
be taken externally.
And should be labeled SHAKE WELL.
Should be stored on tight container.

EXAMPLE PREPARATION
PREPARED BY EXTRACTION
PROCESSES

Are liquid preparation of vegetable

drugs prepared by percolation.
Contain alcohol as a solvent,
preservatives or contain therapeutic
constituents
Are considered too potent to be safely
self-administered, and their use per se
is almost nonexistent in medical
practice.
Are simply too bitter tasting or other
wise unpalatable to be accepted by the
patient.