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Manufacturing Processes
Topic 2
Topic 2
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Tolerance, Limits and Fit
2.2 Linear Measurement Using Tools and such
as Digital Gauges, Micrometer and Calipers
2.3 Angular Measurement Using Profile Projector
2.4 Straightness, Flatness, and Roundness
Measurement
2.5 Surface Roughness Measurement
2.6 Measurement Using GO and NO GO Concept
Topic 2
Introduction to Metrology
and Instrumentation
Science
of measurement
experimental and theoretical with
certain level of uncertainties.
i.e: Length Mass Flatness Profiles
taper
Why is it important?
With a universal
meaning
With
a defined
uncertainties
With a judicious
standardization
With/using
good and correct
technique
Topic 2
Standards
Who
Category
Name
Abbv
Length
Metre
Mass
kilogram
Kg
Time
Second
Electric
current
Ampere
Temperatur Kelvin
e
Amount of
substance
Mole
Mol
Luminous
intensity
Candela
cd
Derivations;
-Farad (F)
-Hertz (Hz)
-Joule (J)
-Newton (N)
-Ohm ()
-Pascal (Pa)
-Volt (V)
-Watt (w)
Accurat
Topic 2
Allowances
Tolerances
Interference
Errors
With all dimension inspected, tendency for errors are great
with 3 major categories namely;
1. Systematic error
- Due to quality of equipment: causes consistent signs (+ve
or ve)
- Due to ambient conditions : temperature, humidity, CO2 or
pressure of work piece or instrument
2. Accidental error
- Due to the smallest gradient in equipment or
- Inexperience of equipment user
3. Illegitimate error
Calibration
- Equipment is compared to;
1. primary standard
2. Secondary standard (with higher accuracy than the
equipment itself)
3. Known input source
Topic 2
Nibs
Ja
w
Fram
e
Point
Micrometer
stop
ve
Thimbl
e
Dual
Point
Micromet
er
Outside
Micromete
r
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Straightness
i.e Laser beam
Flatness
i.e reference of surface (3 points) onto
new reference plane (3 points)
i.e use of calibrated granite table
Roundness
i.e use of dial indicator with object set
on V-block, error in roundness can be
directly known by comparing the
peak height as measured by the dial
gauge.
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and roughness.
-Structured : microscopic level - effect of
processes that the raw material had gone
through.
-Texture : repetitive and/or random deviations
from the nominal surface of an object (roughness,
waviness, form, lays and flaws).
{surface profile = error of form + waviness +
roughness}
-Roughness : surface profile (peaks and valley)
-Integrity : sub-surface alterations produced due
to manufacturing.
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