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jT
z
e
Sampling period T ,
INPUT
at the output
OUTPUT
Interpolation by m:
Let the OUTPUT be Y (z ) [i.e. Samples
exist at all instants nT]
m
then INPUT is X ( z ) [i.e. Samples exist
at instants mT]
Professor A G Constantinides
2m
h(m 1).z
( m 1)
h(2m 1).z
( 2 m 1)
( m 1)
( 2 m 1)
... h(3m 1) z
( 3m 1)
Professor A G Constantinides
H
(
z
)
z
H
(
z
)
z
H
(
z
) ...
Or
1
2
3
Where
H1 ( z m ) h(0) h(m).z m h(2m).z 2 m ...
m
m
2m
H 2 ( z ) h(1) h(m 1).z h(2m 1).z
...
m
h(2m 2).z
2 m
...
So that
m
Y ( z ) H1 ( z ). X ( z ) z H 2 ( z ). X ( z )
z 2 H 3 ( z m ). X ( z m ) ...
3
Professor A G Constantinides
H2 (zm )
+
OUTPUT
H3 (zm )
Samples across here are phased
by T secs. i.e. they do not
interact in the adder.
Can be replaced by a
commutator switch.
Professor A G Constantinides
H1 ( z m )
m
INPUT
H2 (z )
H3 (zm )
Commutator
OUTPUT
Professor A G Constantinides
Y ( z ) X ( z ).H ( z )
6
Professor A G Constantinides
H ( z ) H1 ( z ) z H 2 ( z ) z H 3 ( z ) ...
... z
( m 1)
.H m ( z )
And X ( z ) X 1 ( z m ) z 1 X 2 ( z m ) z 2 X 3 ( z m ) ...
... z ( m 1) X m ( z m )
X (z
1
) z X 2 ( z ) ... z
( m 1)
X (z )
mG Constantinides
Professor A
H1 ( z ) X 1 ( z ) z m H m ( z m ) X 2 ( z m )
z
H m 1 ( z ) X 3 ( z )...
... z m H 2 ( z m ) X m ( z m )
Professor A G Constantinides
H1 ( z m )
Hm (zm )
INPUT
H m1 ( z m )
OUTPUT
H2 (zm )
Professor A G Constantinides
LOW PASS
fs
LENGTH N
#MULT/ACC N . f s
fs
DOWNSAMPLE M:1
LOW PASS
LENGTH N
N. fs
#MULT/ACC M
TOTAL #MULT/ACC
10
UPSAMPLE 1:M
LOW PASS
fs
M
fs
LENGTH N
N. fs
#MULT/ACC M
2. N . f s
M
Professor A G Constantinides
11
Professor A G Constantinides
A( ) h(0) 2 h
. cos(rT )
r odd
12
Professor A G Constantinides
Now consider 1 2 1 2
T
Then
r 1
A(1 ) h(0) 2 h
. cos(rT )
2
r odd
r 1
A(2 ) h(0) 2 h
. cos r 1 T
2
r odd
T
r 1
h(0) h
. cos(r1T )
2
r odd
13
Professor A G Constantinides
Also
A
h(0) 2 h
. cos r. .T
2T
r odd
2T
h ( 0)
A(1 ) A(2 ) 2 A
2T
Or
For a normalised response
A
A(0) 1
T
14
Professor A G Constantinides
15
1
h(0)
2
Professor A G Constantinides
16
Professor A G Constantinides
Multistage Design of
Decimator and Interpolator
Specifications for the decimation filter H(z)
are assumed to be as follows:
Fp 180 Hz , Fs 200 Hz ,
p 0.002 , s 0.001
17
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The Decomposition
Consider an arbitrary sequence {x[n]} with
a z-transform X(z) given by
X ( z ) n x[n]z n
We can rewrite X(z) as
M 1 k
M
X ( z ) k 0 z X k ( z )
where
n
n
X k ( z ) n xk [n] z n x[Mn k ] z
18
0 k M 1
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The subsequences {xk [n]} are called the
polyphase components of the parent
sequence {x[n]}
The functions X k (z ), given by the
z-transforms of {xk [n]}, are called the
polyphase components of X(z)
19
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The relation between the subsequences {xk [n]}
and the original sequence {x[n]} are given
by
xk [n] x[Mn k ], 0 k M 1
In matrix form we can write
X ( z ) 1
.... z ( M 1)
20
X 0(zM )
M
X 1( z )
..
..
X M 1( z M )
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
A multirate structural interpretation of the
polyphase decomposition is given below
21
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The polyphase decomposition of an FIR
transfer function can be carried out by
inspection
For example, consider a length-9 FIR
transfer function:
H ( z)
22
h[n] z
n 0
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
Its 4-branch polyphase decomposition is
given by
4
1
4
2
4
3
4
H ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z ) z E2 ( z ) z E3 ( z )
where
1
2
E0 ( z ) h[0] h[4]z h[8]z
E1( z ) h[1] h[5]z 1
23
E2 ( z ) h[2] h[6]z
1
E3 ( z ) h[3] h[7]z
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The polyphase decomposition of an IIR
transfer function H(z) = P(z)/D(z) is not that
straight forward
One way to arrive at an M-branch polyphase
decomposition of H(z) is to express it in the
M
P
'
(
z
)
/
D
'
(
z
)by multiplying P(z) and
form
D(z) with an appropriately chosen
polynomial and then apply an M-branch
polyphase decomposition to P '( z )
24
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
1 2 z 1
H ( z)
13 z 1
Example - Consider
H ( z)
(1 2 z 1 )(13 z 1 )
(13 z 1 )(13 z 1 )
15 z 1 6 z 2
19 z 2
1 6 z 2
19 z 2
5 z 1
19 z 2
Therefore,
where
25
H ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z )
1 6 z 1
E0 ( z )
,
1
19 z
E1( z )
19 z 1
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
The above approach increases the overall
order and complexity of H(z)
However, when used in certain multirate
structures, the approach may result in a
more computationally efficient structure
An alternative more attractive approach is
discussed in the following example
26
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
Example - Consider the transfer function of
a 5-th order Butterworth lowpass filter with
a 3-dB cutoff frequency at 0.5:
H ( z)
27
0.0527864 (1 z 1 )5
1 0.633436854 z 2 0.0557281z 4
2
2
2 1 0.105573 z
1 0.52786 z
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
Therefore H(z) can be expressed as
2
1
2
H ( z ) E0 ( z ) z E1( z )
where
E0 ( z )
E1( z )
28
1
1 0.105573 z
2 1 0.105573 z 1
1
1 0.52786 z
2 1 0.52786 z 1
Professor A G Constantinides
Polyphase Decomposition
In the above polyphase decomposition,
branch transfer functions Ei (z ) are stable
allpass functions (proposed by
Constantinides)
Moreover, the decomposition has not
increased the order of the overall transfer
function H(z)
29
Professor A G Constantinides
M 1 k
M)
z
E
(
z
k
k 0
Professor A G Constantinides
31
Professor A G Constantinides
32
Professor A G Constantinides