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4th SEMESTER
BS ME (2009-2013)
Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics
It
Definition of Pressure
Pressure is defined as the amount of force
exerted on a unit area of a substance:
force N
P
2 Pa
area m
Furnace duct
Pipe or tube
Heat exchanger
Definition
1 kg m-1 s-2
1 x 105 Pa
101,325 Pa
1 / 760 atm = 1mm Hg
1 atm
1 atm
Pressure At A Point
Consider a Wedge of Fluid
o No Shearing Stresses
Summation of Forces Must
Equal Zero
And
From Geometry
Hence
Equilibrium Condition
The sum of the forces
acting on the fluid must
be equal to zero
PS z z
z
y
x
mg S ( z ) g
PS z
0 PS z PS z z S zg
Pz z Pz
g
z
For an infinitesimal element (z0)
dP
g
dz
Fluid
=constant
Fluid
=Variable
Assuming a Perfect Gas
Where
oT0 is Sea Level
Temperature
oB is Lapse Rate
For Isothermal Process
Measurement of Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Measured Relative to a
Perfect Vacuum
Gage Pressure
Measured Relative to
the Local Atmospheric
Pressure
Vacuum or Suction
Negative Gage Pressure
Mercury Barometer
Mercury
Barometer
Here
p1=0, z1 = h, p2=pa, z2 = h
pa = Mh
Manometry
Piezometer Tube
Or
Manometry, contd.
U Tube Manometer
o Pressure in a continuously
distributed uniform static fluid
varies only with vertical
distance and is independent of
the shape of the container.
o The pressure is the same at all
points on a given horizontal
plane in the fluid.
o The pressure increases with
depth in the fluid.
Manometry, contd.
Differential U Tube Manometer
The U-tube manometer may
also be used to measure the
difference in pressure between
two containers or two points
in a given system
Manometry, contd.
Inclined Tube Manometer
The Inclined Tube Manometer is used to measure
small pressure changes between two containers or
two points in a given system
Example: Thermodynamic
Properties
When we say a cars tire is
filled to 32 lb, we mean
that its internal pressure is 32
lbf/in2 above the ambient
atmosphere. If the tire is at
sea level, has a volume of 3.0
ft3, and is at 75F, estimate
the total weight of air, in lbf,
inside the tire.
Given Data:
p = 32 psi (gage)
= 32 + 14.7 = 46.7 psia
V = 3.0 ft3
t = 75 oF
Find:
Total weight of air in lbf = ?
gp
=
RT
gpV
wt =
RT
322
. (467
. 144) 3
wt =
1716 (75 460)
wt =071
. lbf
Given Data:
p = 32 psi (gage)
= 32 + 14.7 = 46.7 psia
V = 3.0 ft3
t = 75 oF
A bL
P FV
Given Data:
V = 2.5 m/sec
of SAE 30W oil at 20oC
= 0.29 N-s/m2
L=2m
b = 60 cm
h = 3 cm
bLV
P
Power P = ?
h
029
. 06
. 2 25
.
P
725
. watt
003
.
2
100 100
water
( h)
oil
Given Data:
of water at 20oC = 9789 N/m3
12
h
981
. 898
100 100
9789
898 981
. 176202
. 1057125
.
100
704895
.
100
h
8 cm
898 981
.
Bz
p p 1
t
g / RB
Given Data:
p = 54 kPa
B = 0.006 K/m
po = 100 kPa
to = 10 oC = 283 K
Find
Altitude of plane= ?
p
1
p
283
z
.
0006
RB / g
5 4
1 100
2870006
.
/ 981
.
z 4716667
. 1 054
.
017
. 6
z 4847 m
Given Data:
p = 54 kPa
B = 0.006 K/m
po = 100 kPa
to = 10 oC = 283 K
Example: Manometry
In Fig. both ends of the
manometer are open to the
atmosphere. Estimate the
specific gravity of fluid X.
Given Data:
Density of SAE 30 oil at
20oC
= 891 kg/m3
Density of Water at 20oC
= 998 kg/m3
Solution: Manometry
p = h
(0.1) (891*9.81) +(0.07) (998*9.81)
+(0.04) (x*9.81) (0.06) (x*9.81)
(0.05) (998*9.81) (0.1) (891*9.81)
=0
(0.10.09)(891) +(0.070.05)
(998)+(0.040.06) x = 0
x =1443.5 kg/m3
sx =1443.5 / 998 = 1.45
At what
point does
this force
act??
since
Pressure Prism
Pressure Prism
Example
The 6-ft-diameter drainage conduit of Fig is half full of water
at rest. Determine the magnitude and line of action of the
resultant force that the water exerts on a 1-ft length of the
curved section BC of the conduit wall.
Stability