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Introduction to Artificial

Intelligence
Arunima Nair
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What is Artificial
Intelligence?
The
study of computer systems that attempt to model and

apply the intelligence of the human mind


Modeling human cognition or mental faculty using computers
Study of making computers do things which at the moment
people do in a better way
Making computers do things which require intelligence
AI is a branch of computer science which is concerned with the
study and creation of computer systems that exhibit
some form of intelligence
OR
those characteristics which we associate with intelligence
in human behavior
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What is Intelligence?

Intelligence is a property of mind that


encompasses many related mental abilities, such
as the capabilities to

reason
plan
solve problems
think abstractly
comprehend ideas and language and
learn

History of Artificial
Intelligence

1943: Early beginnings


1956: Birth of AI - "Artificial Intelligence name
adopted
1950s: Initial promise
1955-65: Great enthusiasm
1966-73: Reality dawns
1969-85: Adding domain knowledge
1986: Rise of machine learning
1995: AI as Science

Understanding of AI

AI techniques and ideas seem to be


harder to understand than most things in
computer science

AI shows best on complex problems for


which general principles don't help much,
though there are a few useful general
principles

Categories of AI System

Systems that think like humans


Systems that act like humans
Systems that think rationally
Systems that act rationally

Foundations of AI

Mathematics

Neuroscience

Control Theory

Linguistics

Cool Stuff in AI

Game playing agents


Machine learning
Speech
Language
Vision
Data Mining
Web agents .

Applications

Business : Financial strategies, give advice


Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to create
new product
Manufacturing: Assembly, inspection & maintenance
Mining: used when conditions are dangerous
Hospital : monitoring, diagnosing & prescribing
Education : In teaching
Household : Advice on cooking, shopping etc.
Farming : prune trees & selectively harvest mixed crops.
Fraud Detection
Object Identification
Information Retrieval

Success Stories

Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in
1997

AI program proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture)


unsolved for decades

During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and
scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people

NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling


of operations for a spacecraft

Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans

Robot driving: DARPA grand challenge 2003-2007

2006: face recognition software available in consumer cameras

Summary

Artificial Intelligence involves the study of:

AI has made substantial progress in

automated recognition and understanding of signals


reasoning, planning, and decision-making
learning and adaptation

recognition and learning


some planning and reasoning problems
but many open research problems

AI Applications

improvements in hardware and algorithms => AI


applications in industry, finance, medicine, and science.

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