Continuous-Time System Analysis

Using The Laplace Transform

Dr. Mohamed Bingabr
University of Central Oklahoma
Slides For Lathis Textbook Provided by Dr. Peter Cheung

Outline

Introduction
Properties of Laplace Transform
Solution of Differential Equations
Analysis of Electrical Networks
Block Diagrams and System Realization
Frequency Response of an LTIC System
Filter Design by Placement of Poles and Zeros of H(s)

The materials in these slides are covered in the

Lathi Textbook all Ch 4 except sections 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, 4.11

x(t) = 3e-5t

LT

3
X ( s)
s5
X ( s)

x(t )

si t
X
(
s
)
e
i

3
( 5) 2 2

|X(s)|

Omega
Sigma

u = e-st

dv = dx

HW5_Ch4: 4.1-1 (a, b, c, d), 4.1-3 (a, b, c, d, f), 4.2-1 (a, b, e, g), 4.2-3
(a,c), 4.2-6

Where is H(s)?

Example
In the circuit, the switch is in the closed position for a long time
before t=0, when it is opened instantaneously. Find the inductor
current y(t) for t 0.
2
t

dy
1
L Ry (t ) y ( )d 10u (t )
dt
C

x(t)

5Y ( s )
sY ( s ) y (0 ) 2Y ( s )

y (0 )

10
2A
5

1H

y(t)

5 y ( )d

10

5Y ( s ) 10 10
sY ( s ) y (0 ) 2Y ( s )

s
s
s

y (t ) 5e t cos(2t 26.6o )u (t )

0.2 F

10 V

y
(

)
d

q
(
0
) CV 2
c

5
t=0

Example
Find the response y(t) of an LTIC system described by the
equation

d 2 y (t )
dy (t )
dx(t )
5
6 y (t )
x(t )
2
dt
dt
dt

if the input x(t) = 3e-5tu(t) and all the initial conditions are zero;
that is the system is in the zero state (relaxed).
Answer :

y (t ) (2e

5t

2 t

3t

3e )u (t )

Internal Stability
Internal Stability (Asymptotic)
If and only if all the poles are in the LHP
Unstable if, and only if, one or both of the
following conditions exist:
At least one pole is in the RHP
There are repeated poles on the imaginary axis

Marginally stable if, and only if, there are no

poles in the RHP, and there are some
unrepeated poles on the imaginary axis.

External Stability BIBO

The transfer function H(s) can only indicate the external
stability of the system BIBO.

b0 s M b1s M 1 ... bM
H ( s) N
N 1
s a1s ... a N
BIBO stable if M N and all poles are in the LHP
Example
Is the system below BIBO and asymptotically (internally) stable?
x(t)

1
S 1

S 1
S 1

y(t)

Block Diagrams

System Realization
M 1

b0 s b1s ... bM
H ( s) N
s a1s N 1 ... a N
M

Realization is a synthesis problem, so there is no unique way

of realizing a system.
A common realization of H(s) is using
Integrator
Scalar multiplier
Adders

Direct Form I Realization

b0 s 3 b1s 2 b2 s b3
H (s) 3
2
s a1s a2 s a3
Divide every term by s with
the highest order s3

b1 b2 b3
b0 2 3
s s
s
H (s)
a1 a2 a3
1 2 3
s s
s

b1 b2 b3
1
H ( s ) b0 2 3
s s
s 1 a1 a2 a3

2
3
s s
s

X(s)

H1(s)

W(s)

H2(s)

Y(s)

Direct Form I Realization

X(s)

H1(s)

W(s)

H2(s)

Y(s)

b
b
b
1

3
1
2

H ( s ) b0 2 3
s s
s 1 a1 a2 a3

2
3
s s
s

Direct Form II Realization

1
H (s)
1 a1 a2 a3

s s 2 s3

X(s)

H2(s)

b1 b2 b3

b0 2 3
s s
s

W(s)

H1(s)

Y(s)

Example
Find the canonic direct form realization of the following transfer
functions:

5
a)
s7
s
b)
s7
s5
c)
s7
4 s 28
d)
s 2 6s 5

Cascade and Parallel Realizations

4 s 28
H (s) 2
s 6s 5
Cascade Realization

4 s 28
4s 28
H (s)

( s 1)( s 5) s 1

s5

Parallel Realization

4 s 28
6
2
H (s)

( s 1)( s 5) s 1 s 5
The complex poles in H(s) should be realized as a secondorder system.

Using Operational Amplifier for

System Realization

Example
Use Op-Amp circuits to realize the canonic direct form of the
transfer function

2s 5
H ( s) 2
s 4 s 10

HW6_Ch4: 4.3-1 (b,c), 4.3-2 (b,c), 4.3-4, 4.3-7, 4.3-10, 4.4-1, 4.5-2, 4.61