Temperature Sensors

ChE 171- Chemical Process Dynamic

and Control

Anthony O. Maputi
Kit Dominick Don U. Valle

Temperature Sensor
Two Kinds
Contact
Non-Contact

Main Types
Thermometers
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Thermocouples

Contact Sensors
measure the temperature of the object to which
the sensor is in contact by assuming thermal
equilibrium
Examples:
Thermocouples
ResistanceTemperatureDetectors(RTDs)
FullSystemThermometers
BimetallicThermometers

Noncontact Sensors
measures the thermal radiant power of the
Infrared or Optical radiation received from a
known or calculated area on its surface or
volume within it.
Example:
Pyrometer

Resistance Temperature Detector

(RTD)

Resistance Temperature Detector

(RTD)
It is a positive temperature coefficient
device
preferred at lower temperature ranges

Two Main Types

Traditional RTD
Thermistor

Platinum Wire RTDs (PRTDs)

Linear

temperature sensors
Characteristics is established and reproducible
Linear positive temperature coefficient (-200 to 800C)
Very accurate and suitable for use as a secondary
standard

Platinum Wire RTDs (PRTs)

Schematic Diagram

Other RTDs

10 ohms Copper RTD - .00427 coefficients

100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00385 coefficients (new)

100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00392 coefficients (old)

120 ohms Nickel RTD - .00672 coefficient

604 ohms Nickel-Iron RTD - .00518 coefficients

Mathematical Model

Principle

Thermistor

Thermistor
A word formed by combining thermal with
resistor
Is a temperature-sensitive resistor fabricated
from semiconducting materials.
The resistance decreases proportionally with
increase in temperature
Operating range can be -200C to +1000C.

Thermistor

Thermistor
Thermistors can be in the shape of a rod,
bead or disc.

Thermistor
Manufactured from oxides of nickel,
manganese, iron, cobalt, magnesium, titanium
and other metals.

Thermistor
Advantages:
Small

sizes and fast response

Low cost
Suitability for narrow spans

Thermistor
Disadvantages:
More
Use

susceptible to permanent decalibration at high temperatures.

is limited to a few hundred degrees Celsius.

Respond quickly to temperature changes, thus, especially

susceptible to self-heating errors.

Very

fragile

Thermistor Operation

Thermocouple

Thermocouple

is the most widely used sensor

similar to the RTD, thermocouple

provides an electrical measurement of
temperature.

Principle
When

2 dissimilar metals are joined

together to form a junction, an emf is
produced which is proportional to the
temperature being sensed.

Seebeck Effect
The generation of current in a circuit
comprising of two wires of dissimilar
metals in the presence of temperature
difference.

Thermocouple

Thermocouple
Thermocouples are identified by a
single letter type and grouped according to
their temperature range

Identification

Metal Combinations

Advantages
Durable
Inexpensive
Compact
No

power required

Disadvantage
Weak

and Non-linear Output

Expansion of Materials
Most materials expand when
their is temperature increases due
to intermolecular interaction within
the molecules is subjected to a
temperature change.

Filled Thermal System

Filled-system
thermometers
use the phenomenon of thermal
expansion of matter to measure
temperature change.

Filled Thermal System Classes

Class

I A,B
Class II A,B,C,D
Class III A,B
Class V A,B

-Liquid Filled
-Vapour Filled
-Gas Filled
-Mercury Filled

Temperature Range

Respond

Class I A,B

-125F to +600F

Slowest

Class II A,B,C,D

-40 to32 or 32 to 600F

Fastest

Class III A,B

-450F to +1400F

Fast

Class V A,B

-40F to +1200F

Fast

Thermometer

Mercury Thermometer

Alcohol Thermometer

Bimetallic Thermometer
Effect

of unequal expansion of a
bimetallic strips
Different metals have different coefficient
Example: brass and steel strip

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Pyrometers
A pyrometer

is a type of remote-sensing thermometer

used to measure the temperature of a surface without
physical contact
measures the amount of heat radiated, rather than the
amount of heat conducted and convected to the sensor.
it is a device that from a distance determines the
temperature of a surface from the spectrum of
the thermal radiation it emits

Optical Pyrometer

Infrared Thermometers and Digital

Pyrometers

Applications
Smelter Industry
Over-the-bath

Pyrometer
Tuyre Pyrometer
Steam boilers
Hot Air Balloons
Gas turbine engines

Summary

Thank you
for your
kind
attention