Pertemuan 1

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES

Chapter 15

FOLDS AND FAULTS

Chapter 15

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES
PURPOSE: Recognize certain geologic
structures, understand the forces that caused
them, and thus determine the geologic
history of an area.
Structural Geology: The branch of geology
concerned with the shapes, arrangement, and
interrelationships of bedrock units and the
forces that cause them.
Planar Surfaces, Folds, Fractures, Faults,
Joints
Chapter 15

STRESS AND STRAIN

Stress: Forces action on rocks
Compressive - Pushing together
Tensional - Pulling apart
Sheer - Parallel but opposite forces

Strain: Change in size or shape due to stress

Plastic vs Brittle

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SHEER STRESS & STRAIN

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BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS
Elastic: Returns to original shape after
stress is released, removed or reduced, to a
limit (elastic limit)
Plastic: Bends under stress and does not
return to original shape after stress released
Brittle: Breaks or fractures at stresses
higher than elastic limit.

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BEHAVIOR

Elastic

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COMPRESSIVE
STRESS & STRAIN

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breaks

flows

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http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html

GEOLOGIC MAPS
Map: Surficial two-dimensional
representation of the underlying geologic
structures with the use of standard symbols
and patterns
Cross-Section: Vertical slice through the
earth, like a road cut in the mountains.
Fence Diagram: Several cross-sections in a
area from different views
Block Diagram: Geologic Map with two
Cross-Sections
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GEOLOGIC SYMBOLS
Strike: Compass direction of a line formed
by the intersection of an included plane
with the horizontal plane (faults, joints,
foliation, bedding plane, etc.)
Dip: Angle between the inclined plane and
the horizontal plane (perpendicular to
strike). Includes direction (compass
direction) and angle (from horizontal)

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GEOLOGIC MAPS
Strike and Dip
Dipping Sedimentary Rocks
Symbol:
Long line, Strike referred to North, not written
N15W, N85E, N45E, NS, EW,

Short Line, perpendicular to Strike, Dip

direction
Dip Angle: 10, 45, 80

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STRIKE & DIP

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STRIKE
& DIP

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GEOLOGIC
MAP
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FOLDS
Fold: bend or wave-like feature in layered
rock, from plastic behavior of stress
Anticline: Upward arching fold
Syncline: Downward arching fold
Hinge Line: Axis of the fold of the folded
layer
Axial Plane: Plane with all of the hinge
lines of a fold
Limb: Portion of layer between hinge lines
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FOLDS

Deformation caused primarily by compression stress

acting on ductile rocks.
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http://www.uta.edu/geology/Geohomepage/98%20research.htm

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FOLDS

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FOLDS

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PLUNGING
FOLDS

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DOMES &
BASINS
Structural dome upward arching circular
structure.
Structural basin downward arching
circular structure.

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FRACTURES
Fracture: a break in rock due to brittle
behavior to stress
Joint: A fracture with no displacement
Joint Sets: multiple joints oriented parallel to
one another, in response to regional stress
Groundwater flow, hydrothermal ore deposits

Fault: A fracture with displacement

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FRACTURES
& JOINT SETS

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FAULTS
Dip-Slip Fault: movement is parallel to the
dip of the fault (up and down)
Strike-Slip Fault: movement is
perpendicular to the dip of the fault (back
and forth)
Oblique-Slip Fault: combination of dip-slip
and strike-slip
Hanging Wall & Foot Wall: Hanging wall
is over the foot wall
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HANGING & FOOT WALL

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DIP-SLIP FAULTS
Normal: Hanging wall moves down
relative to the foot wall.
Tensional stress, pulling apart, divergent plate
boundaries

Reverse: Hanging wall moves up relative to

the foot wall.
Compressive stress, convergent plate
boundaries

Thrust: Low-angle reverse fault

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FAULTS

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Chapter 15

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RIGHT LATERAL STRIKE SLIP FAULTS

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LOW ANGLE REVERSE

FAULT THRUST FAULT

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PETROLEUM TRAPS

Salt Dome
NORMAL
Faults
Anticline

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PETROLEUM TRAPS

ANTICLINE

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Terima Kasih

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