BASIC FIRST AID

PRESENTED BY DR. MUKUND

KAKADE
1

First Aid
Training Objectives
1.What is First Aid?
2.ABC steps in First Aid
3.Recovery Position
4.Shock
5.Burns
6.Heart attack or Cardiac arrest
2

VITAL PARAMETERS

B.P Normal 120/80mm of Hg.

Respiratory Rate 14 to 18 per minute
Body Temperature 37 C / 98 F
Pulse Rate 60 to 80 per minute
Blood Volume 5 to 6 liter
Oxygen Saturation between 93 to
100%
3

VITAL PARAMETERS
Normal Fasting Blood Sugar
between 70 mg/dl (3.9 m mol/L)
and 92 mg/dl (5.0 m mol/L)
Post-Meal Blood Sugar
(Postprandial) Most normal
people areunder 100 mg/dl (5.5
mmol/L) two hours after eating
4

First Aid
What is First Aid?
First aid is the treatment given to a sick
or
injured
person,
before
any
professional help arrives on scene
The goals : To prevent death or further
injury
First responder can save life of the
victim
5

LOOK FOR DANGER

CHECK FOR DANGER
(HAZARDS/RISK FACTOR/ SAFETY)
TO YOU
TO OTHERS
TO VICTIM (Casualty)

Remove yourself & the casualty out of

Dangerous area immediately

Primary Assessment
Goal of the initial assessment:
Visually determine whether there are lifethreatening or other serious problems that
require quick care.
Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and
shout. Check for ABC as indicated:
A = Airway Open? Head-tilt/Chin-lift
B = Breathing? Look, listen, and feel
C = Circulation? Check for signs of circulation
Latest Guideline's from AHA -2011 C- A- B
7

Recovery position
Unconscious casualty is
placed in recovery position
Lay the casualty flat on the
back & open the casualtys
airway by tilting the head
along with lifting the chin
Thus it prevents chocking
on the tongue & allows any
fluids to drain

ABC steps in First aid

Airway: Clean the airway if blocked
(Remove ill fitting dental dentures)
In unconscious patient : Head-tilt-Chinlift carefully.

10

ABC steps in First aid

Breathing: Put your face close to the
casualty's mouth, ( *look, *listen & *feel)
Look: for chest movement
Listen: for sound of breathing
Feel: for breath(air) on your cheeks

11

ABC steps in First

aid
If casualty is not breathing
Artificial Breathing by Mouth to
Mouth breathing / Kiss of Life
Inhale deeply then raise the
chin slightly, pinch the nose &
give 2 rescue breaths - CPR
Evaluate the effect by Look,
Listen & Feel
12

ABC steps in First aid

Circulation: Control bleeding/ stop it
Control bleeding by direct pressure or
by elevating the injured limb
Apply direct pressure on the wound for
sometimes till blood clots
Elevate the injured part to reduce
blood loss

13

PRESSURE POINTS
Use finger
pressure on
these points
to stop
bleeding
Also, place
tight
bandage
over these
points
(arteries)

14

CPR
If no signs of life- no breathing, no pulse &
unresponsive to call
Start CPR- Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation
CPR involves Five cycles of 30 Chest
Compression & 2 Rescue breaths
100 Chest Compression per minute
Continue CPR tillAutomatic External Defibrillator arrives,
doctor arrive, Victim shows signs of life or
Your are too tired

15

DEFIBRILLATOR (AED)
Defibrillator is a machine
used to shock the victim's
heart and restore the
heart's normal rhythmic
patterns. An AED in effect
kicks the heart into action
again, causing it to
resume sending blood
throughout the body.
16

Why CPR?
It is easy & simple procedure to learn
& teach
It provide vital O2 to brain, heart &
other organs in the body
CPR + AED(Automatic External
Defibrillator) saves many lives (30 ~
50%)

17

AED
If a AED is available, apply pads and
follow the voice prompts
Remember when shocking to get
everyone to stand away from the
victim.

18

CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

19

Heart Attack & Sudden Cardiac

Arrest
Heart Attack occurs due reduced or
stopped blood supply to a part of
heart muscles (Plumbing problem)
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs
when heart abrupt or suddenly stops
beating (Electrical impulse problem)

20

Heart Attack
Heart Attack Usually that happens when one
of the coronary arteries is blocked by an
obstruction or a spasm.
Signs and symptoms Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or
pain that lasts more than a few minutes or
that goes away and comes back.
Pain spreading to the shoulders, neck, or
arms.
Chest discomfort with light-headedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea, or shortness of
breath.
Some present without any complains
(Silent Attack-Diabetes) No Complain

21

Heart Attack
What to Do:
Call EMS or get to the nearest hospital
emergency department with 24-emergency
cardiac care
Monitor victims condition (ABC)
Help the victim to the least painful position,
usually sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
Loosen clothing around the neck and abdomen

Determine if the victim is known to have coronary

heart disease and is using Tab. Nitroglycerin
If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and
start CPR, if needed

22

SHOCK
Shock refers to circulatory system failure
that happens when insufficient amounts of
oxygenated blood is provided for every body
part.
Causes:
Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding (more
than 500ml) or other circulatory system problem
( Normal total Blood Volume = 5- 6 liters)
Loss of fluid due to dehydration & burns
Trauma (injury) or fracture with bleeding
23

Shock
What to Look For (Sign)
Altered mental status
Anxiety and restlessness

Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and

nail beds
Nausea and vomiting
Rapid breathing (Normal 14 to 18/min)
and Rapid pulse (60 to 80 beats/min)
Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
24

Shock
Monitor Airway, Breathing & Circulation
Lay the victim on his or her back
Raise the victims legs 8 12 to
allow the blood to drain from the legs
back to the heart & brain (Head Low
Position)
Prevent body heat loss by putting
blankets and coats under and over the
victim
25

Burns
Burn injuries can be classified as follow:
Thermal (heat) burns caused by:

Flames
Hot objects
Flammable vapor that ignites
Steam or hot liquid

What to Do:
Stop the burning
Remove victim from burn source
If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or similar
item, or have the victim roll on ground.
Cold water stops burn progression & helps cooling
26

Burns
Chemical burns
The result of a caustic or corrosive
substance touching the skin caused by:
Acids (batteries)
Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more
extensive)
Organic compounds (oil products)

27

Burns
What to do in chemical burns:
Remove the chemical by flushing the area
with water
Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before
flushing
Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to the
chemical

Remove the victims contaminated clothing and

jewellery while flushing with water
Flush for 20 minutes for all chemical burns (skin,
eyes)
Cover the burned area with a dry, sterile dressing
Seek immediate medical attention
28

Burns
Electrical Burns
A mild electrical shock can cause serious
internal injuries.
There are three types of electrical injuries:
Thermal burn (flame) Objects in direct contact
with the skin are ignited by an electrical current.
Mostly caused by the flames produced by the
electrical current and not by the passage of the
electrical current or arc.

Arc burn (Flash) Occurs when electricity jumps,

or arcs, from one spot to another.
Mostly cause extensive superficial injuries.

True Electrical Injury (contact) Occurs when an

electric current truly passes through the body.
29

Burns
What to Do in Electrical Burns
Make sure the scene is safe
Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
If that is impossible, call the power company
Do not contact high voltage wires
Consider all wires live
Do not come in contact with person if the electrical
source is live

Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing

Circulation)
If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.
Seek medical attention immediately.
30

Classification of Burns
Depending upon the percentage of
total body surface damaged & is
determined by the Rule of Nines
This divides the body into areas of
9% or multiples of nine (figure I) and
is modified for estimating the extent
of burn injury in children (figure II)

31

EXTENT OF BURNS
RULE OF NINES

32

Burns
Burns have been described as:
First-degree burns (Superficial)
Only the skins outer layer (epidermis) is
damaged.
Symptoms include redness, mild swelling, tenderness,
and pain.
Usually heals without scarring.

What to Do:
Immerse in cold water 10 to 45 minutes or use
cold, wet
cloths.
Cold water stops burn progression & cools

Aloe, moisturizer lotion

33

Burns
Second-degree burns (Partial
Thickness)
Epidermis and upper regions of
dermis are damaged.
Symptoms include blisters, swelling,
weeping of fluids, and
severe pain.

What to Do:
Immerse in cold water / wet pack
Do not break blisters
Seek medical immediately
attention

34

Burns
Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)

Severe burns that penetrate all the skin

layers, into the underlying fat and muscle.
Symptoms include: the burned area appears
gray-white, cherry red, or black;no pain (since
nerve endings are destroyed)

What to Do:

Do not apply any ointments or powder

Apply sterile, non-stick dressings (do not use
plastic)
Check ABC
Treat for shock
Get medical help immediately
35

First Aid
We all should provide it
It is easy & simple
Try to remain calm and do not
panic
Call for help when necessary
Stabilize the situation before
help arrives
Monitor ABC
Live with your wits But for Now,
Learn Basic Skills of First Aid
36

THANK YOU

37