Voltage Stabilization Techniques

in Power Systems

Instructor:Dr.A.M.Sharaf
Name: Yao Zhou
ID: 3206261

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

What is the voltage stabilization in power
system?
Power system stability may be broadly defined
according to different operating conditions, an
important problem which is frequently considered is
the problem of voltage stabilization.
This important issue of power system control is to
maintain steady acceptable voltage under normal
operating and disturbed conditions, which is referred as
the problem of voltage stabilization.

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

Voltage stabilization refers to the ability of a power

system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in
the system after being subjected to a disturbance
from a given initial operating condition. It depends
on the ability to maintain/restore equilibrium
between load demand and load supply from the
power system. [1]

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

Why we need voltage stabilization?
Instability that may result occurs in the form of
a progressive fall or rise of voltages of some
buses.
A possible outcome of voltage instability is loss of load
in an area, or tripping of transmission lines and other
elements by their protective systems leading to
cascading outages. Loss of synchronism of some
generators may result from these outages or from
operating conditions that violate field current limit. [1]

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

What cause voltage instability?

The driving force for voltage instability is usually the

loads. In response to a disturbance, power consumed by
the loads should be restored.
A situation causing voltage instability occurs when
load dynamics attempt to restore power consumption
beyond the capability of the transmission network
and the connected generation.[1]

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

A major factor contributing to voltage instability is

the voltage drop that occurs when active and
reactive power flow through of the transmission
network; this
limits the capability of the transmission network for
power transfer and voltage support.
Voltage stability is threatened when a disturbance
increases the reactive power demand beyond the
sustainable capacity of the available reactive
power resources.

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

The type of Dynamic / Nonlinear load can also

cause the voltage instability.
While the most common form of voltage instability is the
power frequency variation, the progressive drop of bus
voltages, and the overvoltage instability.
Overvoltage can be caused by a capacitive behavior of
the network as well as by under excitation limiters
preventing generators and synchronous compensators
from absorbing the excess reactive power. [1]

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

Classification of voltage stabilization:
voltage stability can be classified into the
following subcategories:[2]
Large-disturbance voltage stabilization:
Large-disturbance voltage stabilization refers to the
systems ability to maintain steady voltages following
large disturbances such as system faults, loss of
generation, or circuit contingencies.

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

This ability is determined by the system and

load characteristics, and the interactions of both
continuous and discrete controls and protections.
Determination of large-disturbance voltage
stabilization requires the examination of the
nonlinear response of the power system over a
period of time sufficient to capture the performance
and interactions of such devices as motors,
underload transformer tap changers, and generator
field-current limiters.

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

Small-disturbance voltage stabilization: [2]
Small-disturbance voltage stability refers to the systems
ability to maintain steady voltages when subjected to
small perturbations such as incremental changes in
system load.
This form of stability is influenced by the characteristics
of loads, continuous controls, and discrete controls at a
given instant of time.
This concept is useful in determining, at any instant, how
the system voltages will respond to small system
changes.

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

The time frame of interest for voltage stabilization problems
may vary from a few seconds to tens of minutes.
Therefore, voltage stabilization may be either a shortterm or a long-term phenomenon. [2]
Short-term voltage stabilization involves dynamics of
fast acting load components such as induction motors,
electronically controlled loads. (several seconds)
Long-term voltage stabilization involves slower acting
equipment such as tap-changing transformers, generator
current limiters. (several mins)

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

Some methods used for voltage stabilization:
Using reactive power compensation technology, the
capacity of the transmission and distribution system can be
significantly enhanced.
Fixed capacitor bank compensation
Back-to-back phase control of a thyristor-controlled
reactor (TCR) or thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)
FACTS (flexible alternation current transmission system)
devices such as modulated power filter compensator
(MPFC), Static Synchronous Compensator (STACOM),
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSCC), and
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

 Voltage Stabilization Techniques in Power Systems

System planning optimization and power flow forecasting

are also very important to the system voltage stabilization
condition.
Optimization algorithm
Artificial intelligence based on nonlinear
programming
Dynamic programming

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator in

Stand Alone Mode
Abstract:
I will introduce a method of terminal voltage
stabilization for self excited induction generator (SEIG)
in stand alone mode.
The method is based on looking for minimum of criterion
function that is weighted sum of some system parameters.
Overall method is based on well established theory for
time domain modeling of induction machines affords to
take into account non linearities of induction machine
and digital control block and seems to be reliable and
accurate.[3]

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
Introduction:
SEIG have been increasingly used in isolated power supplying
systems. Main drawback of induction generators is well-known
property sufficiently decrease terminal voltage under increasing
load.
Linearised models of generator and equivalent continuous
(analog) transfer functions of discrete control block are
frequently used for solving the problem of voltage stabilization.
This way demands extended analysis in frequency domain
in order to obtain actual tuning that provides required
performance and stability for determined structure of
control algorithm.[3]

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
Nevertheless non linear behavior of induction machine
working in generator mode in many cases can not be
neglected.
In non linear models, time domain analysis along with
optimization technique also can be used for determining
some unknown parameters of a system such as factors of
control scheme. This approach was successfully applied
for tuning power stabilizer system and it seems to be
promising use the same way for obtaining tuning of
discrete control algorithm.[3]

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Mathematical model for SEIG with terminal voltage
stabilization system:
Mathematical model of induction machine considering
saturation as a set of non linear differential equations is
based on well-established theory and provides accurate
representation both steady state and transient modes.
Weighted sum of some parameters of transient could
be defined as a criterion function.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
Numerical resolving machine equations along with
equations describing excitation system and control
algorithm yields necessary parameters for calculating
criterion function as qualitative characteristic of a
system stability and voltage stabilization during
transients.
On the base modeling of transient optimization,
calculations should be provided in order to get values of
factors yield extreme value of the function and
consequently giving best quality of voltage
stabilization.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
In isolated power supplying system with SEIG,
Stabilization unit includes power part that is thyristor
switches and capacitor bank. The bank is divided into two
parts: regulated and unregulated.
Unregulated part is used for excitation and presents
three single phase delta connected capacitors.
Regulated part is a set of three phase capacitors, those
capacitances are binary weighted.
Those capacitors could be turned on and off by thyristor
switches of power part.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
Microprocessor based digital control block is used for
measurement of input values, implementation algorithm
and generating fire pulses for thyristors.
General scheme of SEIG with stabilization unit is
presented on Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Structural scheme of SEIG with voltage stabilization system and load [3]

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Equations used in the mathematical model:
Equations in the vector form for machine is shown as
below:

[3
]

Where:

:spatial vector of stator voltage;

and
:currents' and flux linkages'
vectors and resistances of stator and rotor respectively;
:angular velocity of rotor.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Standard form of swing equation was used for
describing mechanical motion of rotor:

Where:

:inertia constant;
:mechanical torque;
:electrical torque.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Equations for load and capacitors battery are written
below:

[3]

Where:

:load inductance;
:load resistance;
:total apparent capacitance both regulated and
unregulated banks;
:total current through capacitors battery.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
The time domain discrete functions for discrete
control block is shown below:

[3
]

Where: u(k) :control action;

e(k) :error of output value;
:constant factors;
k :number of sampling.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
Criterion function is used to obtain a vector
that yields minimum value of
during transient:
[3]

Where:

:error of terminal voltage during transient;

:current capacitance of turned on capacitors bank

:capacitance of turned on capacitors bank after

the end of transient;
r :weight factor for control action

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction Generator

in Stand Alone Mode
The optimization calculations were made with
algorithm that uses co-ordinate search for criterion
function minimum.[3]
In general, the calculation procedure could be
described as follows:
- determining of limiting (minimum and maximum)
values for each factor;

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
- calculating of transient for previously defined
working point and values of factors with storing
apparent values for voltage error and turned on
capacitors on each step of numerical integration;
- calculating of criterion function on the base of
collected values of errors and control actions;
- modification of factors values according to
optimization algorithm, analysis of their values and
finishing on calculations or calculation of another
transient.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Numerical modelling of the system:
Special software for modeling the system was
prepared on base of methods and approach described
above.
Numerical modeling of the system for SEIG with
terminal voltage stabilization was made in order to get
values of factors for controlling difference equations and
check out systems behavior in different working modes.
[3]
Optimization calculations were provided for transient
both with resistive load and with resistive-inductive load in
order to obtain values of factors. Values of full load current
and reactive part of load current were taken as a disturbance.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Calculations Of transients for various working modes
were made with obtained values of factors. Results of
modeling show that algorithm according to difference
equation and factors optimized for connection of resistiveinductive load with using full load current provides robust
and fast voltage stabilization during transients. [3]
Then we can use the equations and software tools referred
above, to achieve the optimization for voltage stabilization
by tuning of the digital control block according to the
parameters of system.

 Voltage Stabilization System for Induction

Generator in Stand Alone Mode
Conclusion:
The method for SEIG terminal voltage stabilization
system tuning is based on direct modeling of transients in
the system using well-known space vector theory.
The method is an alternative to methods employing
frequency domain analysis for evaluation of system stability
and tuning of control system those use linearised model of
induction machine.
This algorithm affords take into account non linearities
of the machine characteristics and digital control block
those are neglected by frequency domain analysis.

 Reference:
1. Joon-Ho Choi and Jae-Chul Kim, Member, IEEE, Advanced Voltage
Regulation Method at the Power Distribution Systems Interconnected with
Dispersed Storage and Generation Systems, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 15, NO. 2, APRIL 2000

2. Yi Guo, Member, IEEE, David J. Hill, Fellow, IEEE, and Youyi Wang, Senior
Member, IEEE, Global Transient Stability and Voltage Regulation for Power
Systems, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 16, NO. 4,
NOVEMBER 2001
3. Oleg Chtchetinine, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nizhny Novgorod
Technical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, Voltage Stabilization System for
Induction Generator in Stand Alone Mode, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1999

Thanks a lot for listening to my

presentation!