MCE216L Engineering Drawing

and Workshop
Lecture #3
Orthographic Projection
Eng. Rami Ali
Fall 2015

Contents
Multiview drawing (Review )
1st and 3rd Angle projections
Multiviews using Miter line
Line Convention

View
Image on a projection plane (or view) depends on a
relative orientation between an object and a plane.
Multiview drawing

Rotate

shows a 2D view of
an object.
Axonometric drawing
shows a 3D view of
an object.

Tilt

View comparison
Type
Multiview drawing

Advantage
Accurate represents an

Disadvantage
Require an enough practice

objects details, i.e. size

to visualization.

and shape.

Pictorial drawing

Easy to understand

Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse
Right angle becomes
obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing

Object looks more

Difficult to create

like what our eyes

Size and shape

perceive.

distortion
Distorted
width

Multiview Drawing
Multiview drawing is a set of related images that are created
by viewing the object from a different direction.

Width

Depth

Depth
Height

Height

Adjacent view(s)
is needed to
fulfill the object
description.

Width

Depth

Methods
1. Revolve the object with respect to observer
2. The observer moves around the object.
Glass box concept
Top view

Top view

Front view

Right side view play

Front
view

Right side
view
play

Glass box : Revolution of the planes of projection

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view

Relative orientation of views

Depth

Top view

Front view

Width
Height

Rear view

Left side view

Bottom view

Right side view

Summary : Problem solving steps

Given
1

INTERPRETING VIEWS
One method of interpreting sketches is to reverse the
mental process used in projecting them.

ALIGNMENT OF VIEWS
Always draw views in the standard arrangement...

Because CAD makes it easy to move whole views, it is tempting to place views where they
fit on the screen or plotted sheet and not in the standard arrangement. This is not
acceptable.
3D CAD software that generates 2D drawing views as projections of the 3D object usually
has a setting to select from third-angle or first-angle projection. Check your software if you
are unsure which projection methods are available.

Third-Angle Projection

To understand the two systems, think of the

vertical and horizontal planes of projection,
as indefinite in extent and intersecting at 90
with each other; the
four angles produced are called the first,
second, third, and fourth angles (similar to
naming quadrants on a graph.) If the
object to be drawn is placed below the
horizontal plane and behind the vertical
plane, as in the glass box you saw earlier,
the object is said to be in the third angle. In
third-angle projection, the views are
produced as if the observer is outside,
looking in.

First-Angle Projection
If the object is placed above the horizontal plane and in front of
the vertical plane, the object is in the first angle.

The biggest difference between

third-angle projection and firstangle projection is how the
planes of the glass box are
unfolded.

Transferring Depth Dimensions

The depth dimensions in the top and side views must
When using CAD or instruments,
usecorrespond
of MITERpoint-for-point.
LINE
provides
you fast and accurate method
transfer these distances accurately.

The
constructing the 3rd view once two views are established.

You can transfer dimensions between the

top and side views either with dividers or
with a scale.

of

Transferring a depth : miter line

miter line 45o

Extension lines

Object features
Edge is a line that represent the boundary between two
faces of an object.
Surface limit is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.
Surface is an area that are bounded by edges or surface
limit. Surface can be plane or curve.

No edges!
Prism

Cylinder

Sphere

Note These features will appear as lines in a multiview drawing.

Class activity : Objects features

4

Identify name of the features

denoted by a NO. 1 to 9?

Edge Surface Surface

limit

1
7

2
3
2

4
5
6
7
8
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Projection of a normal line

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

BT

BT

AT

B
BR

A
AF

BF

AT

AR

AF BF

AR

BR

Play

Projection of a normal plane

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Play

Projection of an object
Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Hidden line is used

to show existence of
a hidden edge.

Do the same procedures for

all remaining edges (or planes)

Play

Projection of an inclined line

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

BT

BT
B

AT

BR
AT

BF

BF

BR

A
AF
AR

AF

AR
Play

Projection of an inclined plane

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Play

Projection of an obliqued line

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

BT
BT
AT

B
AT

BR
BF

BR

BF

A
AF

AR

AF

AR
Play

Projection of an obliqued plane

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Play

Projection of a curve line

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

BT
AT

CT

AR

CT

AF BF
CF

BT

BR
CR

AT
AF BF

CF

AR

CR

BR

Play

Projection of a curve surface

Glass box concept

Multiview drawing

Play

VIEWS OF SURFACES
There are terms used for describing a surfaces orientation to the
plane of projection. The three orientations that a plane surface
can have to the plane of projection are normal, inclined, and
oblique.

Note how a plane surface that is

perpendicular to a plane of projection
appears on edge as a straight line

ANGLES
If an angle is in a normal plane (a plane parallel to a plane of
projection) it will show true size on the plane of projection to which it
is parallel.

If a flat surface is viewed from several different positions, each

view will show the same number of sides and a similar shape. This
consistency of shapes is useful in analyzing views.
Example

Projection of an object having

curved surface and plane
Curved surface can either tangent or intersect with an
adjacent plane or adjacent curve surface.
In the case of intersection, an edge exists and becomes a line
in a multiview drawing
In the case of tangential, there is no edge and line in a multiview
drawing
T
I

I
T

Examples
1

Play

Play

Play

Play

Examples
5

Play

Play

Examples
7

Play

No line exists

Play

10

Play

Play

Line Convention

Line convention
Precedence of coincide lines
Hidden line drawing
Center line drawing

Precedence of line
When lines coincide with
each other, the more
important lines cover up
the other lines.
Order of importance
(from high to low) is
- visible line
- hidden line and
- center line.

Play
Line convention

Class activity : Precedence of lines

4

What is an appropriate line

type to replace the lines NO.
1-4?
V

1
1

2
2

3
4

V denotes visible line

H denotes hidden line
C denotes center line
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Hidden line drawing

Hidden line should join a visible line, except it extends
from a visible line.

space

join

join
space

space

space

Hidden line drawing

Intersection between hidden lines should form L, T, V or
Y corner.

inside

L
L

T
Y

Hidden line drawing

A curve hidden line should start on a center line.

Line convention

Center line drawing

Center line should always start and end with long dash.
In a circular view, short dash of a center line should cross
at the center of the circle or arc.
Center line should not extend between views.

3~4 mm

Leave space
3~4 mm

Play

Leave space

Play

Center line drawing

For a small hole, a center line is presented as a thin
continuous line.
Leave a gap when centerline forms a continuation with a
visible or a hidden line.
Leave space

Leave space

Leave space

Play
Line convention

Class activity :

Hidden line drawing

correct wrong

correct wrong

Reset all

Skip test

Next slide

MultiViews Examples

Class Work
Draw the Front, Plan, and side multiviews (orthographic projections) for the
following parts

1 Using 3rd Angle method

2 Using 1st Angle method

1 Using 3rd Angle method