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Introduction
Generalconcepts
Needs,advantages,and
disadvantages
Satellitecharacteristics
Orbits
Earthcoverage
Systemcomponentsanddesign
Powersources
Communicationcharacteristics
GPS Satellite - NASA
SpectrumandBandwidth
Channelcapacity
FrequencyandWavelength
Pathlosses
Antennasandbeamshaping
Lect 01
Text
Text
Satellite Communications, Second Edition, T.
Pratt, C. Bostian, and J. Allnut, John Wilen &
Sons, 2003.
Lect 01
Needs,Advantages&Disadvantages
Communications needs
Advantages of using satellites
Disadvantages of using satellites
Lect 01
Lect 01
Lect 01
Expensive to launch
Expensive ground stations required
Cannot be maintained
Limited frequency spectrum
Limited orbital space (geosynchronous)
Constant ground monitoring required for
positioning and operational control
Lect 01
Satellite Characteristics
Orbiting platforms for data gathering and
communications position holding/tracking
VHF, UHF, and microwave radiation used for
communications with Ground Station(s)
Signal path losses - power limitations
Systems difficult to repair and maintain
Sensitive political environment, with competing
interests and relatively limited preferred space
Lect 01
11
Power sources
Solar (principal), nuclear, chemical power
Stored gas/ion sources for position adjustment
Lect 01
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Lect 01
Telecommunications
Military communications
Navigation systems
Remote sensing and surveillance
Radio / Television Broadcasting
Astronomical research
Weather observation
2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III
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Orbits
Have particular advantages and
disadvantages (See text Chapter 1)
Are determined by satellite mission
Kepplers Laws of planetary motion
describe certain orbital properties
(Covered in Lecture 2)
Lect 01
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Orbital Properties
Lect 01
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Types of Orbit
Lect 01
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MEO
Military and research uses
LEO
Remote sensing
Global Positioning Systems
Lect 01
Lect 01 - 16
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Lect 01
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Appearsfixedoverpointonearthequator
Eachsatellitecancover120degreeslatitude
OrbitalRadius=42,164.17km
EarthRadius=6,378.137km(avg)
Period(SiderealDay)=23.9344696hr
(86164.090530833seconds)
Longsignalpathlargepathlosses
Lect 01
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Lect 01
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Orbital Inclinations
Equatorial
Prograde inclined toward the east
Retrograde inclined toward the west
Inclined
Various inclination angles with respect to the
spin axis of the earth, including polar
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sin(
and,
90 +
Theelevationangleisapproximately,
cos(
Lect 01
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Lect 01
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Lect 01
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Lect 01
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A = 2re2 (1 Cos[ ])
Lect 01
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Calculation: CoverageArea.nb
re=6378.137;(*km*)
rs=re+hs;
alpha=ArcSin[re/rs]
ad=alpha/Degree
delta=ArcSin[(rs/re)*Sin[alpha]]alpha
dd=delta/Degree
A=2pre^2(1.0Cos[delta])
Plot[A,{hs,1000,2000},AxesLabel>"Coverage
[km^2]",Frame>True,
FrameLabel>{"Altitude[km]","Coverage[km^2]"}]
Lect 01
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Lect 01
29
Recommended download:
Coverage Characteristics of Earth Satellites
http://www.cdeagle.com/ommatlab/coverage.pdf
Lect 01
Lect 01 - 30
Satellite(s)
Earth station(s)
Computer systems
Information network
(Example: Internet)
Lect 01
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Lect 01
32
Satellite Components
Lect 01
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Lect 01
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35
Solar Power
Poweravailableinorbit:~1400wattsof
sunlightpersquaremeter
Conversionefficiency:~25%
Usefulpower:~350Watts/squaremeter
Panelsteeringrequiredformaximumpower
Typicalpowerlevels:275kW
Photocelloutputdegradesovertime
Lect 01
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Lect 01
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Lect 01
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Lect 01
Lect 01 - 39
40
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wikipedia
Lect 01
41
Channel Capacity
The number of error free bits of information
transmitted and received per second
Shannon (BSTJ, Vol. 27,1938)
The capacity C [bits/s] of a channel with
bandwidth W, and signal/noise power ratio S/N is
C
Lect 01
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43
44
Microwaves
Include frequencies from 0.3 GHz to 300 GHz.
- Line of sight propagation (space and atmosphere).
- Blockage by dense media (hills, buildings, rain)
- Wide bandwidths compared to lower frequency bands.
- Compact antennas, directionality possible.
-Reduced efficiency of generation
1 GHz to 170 GHZ spectrum divided into bands with letter
designations (see next slide)
Lect 01
45
Wikipedia
Lect 01
46
Cband
3.74.2GHz(Downlink)
5.9256.425GHz(Uplink)
Kuband
11.712.2GHz(Downlink)
1414.5GHz(Uplink)
Lect 01
47
Vband
4075GHz
60GHzallocatedforunlicensed(WiFi)use
70, 80, and 90 GHz for other wireless
Lect 01
48
Lect 01
Lect 01 - 49
L-Band
Frequencies: 0.950 1.450 GHz ( ~30cm)
Uses:
Amateur radio communications
GPS devices
Features:
Lect 01
50
C-Band
Lect 01
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C-Band
Frequencies: 3.7 - 6.425 GHz ( ~5cm)
Uses:
TV reception (motels)
IEEE-802.11 WiFi
VSAT
Features:
Large dish antenna needed (3m diameter)
Low rain fade - Low atmospheric atten. (long paths)
Low power - terrestrial microwave interferences
Lect 01
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Ku-Band
Lect 01
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Ku-Band
Frequencies: 12 - 18 GHz ( ~ 2cm)
Uses:
Remote TV broadcasting
Satellite communications
VSAT
Features:
Rain, snow, ice (on dish) susceptibility
Small antenna size - high antenna gain
High power allowed
Lect 01
54
Ka-Band
Frequencies: 18 - 40 GHz (~ 1cm)
Uses:
High-resolution radar
Communications systems
Deep space communications
Features:
Obstacles interfere (buildings, vegetation, etc.)
Atmospheric absorption
Lect 01
55
V-Band
Frequencies:40to75GHz.(~5mm)
Uses:
Millimeterwaveradarresearch(veryexpensive!)
Highcapacitymillimeterwavecommunications
Pointtopointfixedwirelesssystems(WiFi)
Features:
Lect 01
Rainfade
Obstaclesblockpath
Atmosphericabsorption
Expensiveequipment
2012 Raymond P. Jefferis III
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Millimeter Waves
Planck space exploration satellite
Planck is a flagship mission of the European Space Agency (Esa).
It was launched in May 2009 and moved to an observing position
more than a million km from Earth on its "night side".It carries
two instruments that observe the sky across nine frequency bands.
The High Frequency Instrument (HFI) operates between 100 and
857 GHz (wavelengths of 3mm to 0.35mm), and the Low
Frequency Instrument (LFI) operates between 30 and 70 GHz
(wavelengths of 10mm to 4mm).
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Path Losses
The loss of a radiated signal with distance
Losses increase with frequency
Satellites typically require long path lengths
( Path lengths can be over 42,000 km )
Lect 01
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Lect 01 - 59
LossdB
where:
disthepathdistancein
km
fisthefrequencyinMHz
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61
H2O
22.2GHz
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67
68
91W
Solar, 10.4 KW
2.4m
1.8m
20W each
75W (data)
140W (TV video)
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Conclusions
Design constraints limit the power avaiable
to satellite communications equipment
Path losses limit communication capacity
High gain antennas can overcome some
limitations
Antenna patterns can be shaped to favor
desired locations on the earth
Lect 01
72
Questions?
Lect 01
73
Reminders
Check access to a math package
(Mathematica or MATLAB)
Do homework
Lect 01
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End
Lect 01
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