CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

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COURSE OBJECTIVE

To Understand what is confined space

Definition of confined spaces
Assessment of the risk of confined spaces
Operating procedures in a confined space
Need for PTW and attachment of certificates.

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What is a Confined Space?
A Space that:

Is large enough to enter

bodily and perform work;
Has limited or restricted
means of entry or exit;
Is not designed for
continuous human
occupancy.

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Examples of Confined Spaces

Confined/Enclosed space
may include:
Tanks
Manholes
Furnaces
Silos
Cellar

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Confined Space Examples Continued

Vaults
Pipes
Trenches
Tunnels
Ducts
Bins
Pits
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What are the Hazards in a Confined

Explosive atmosphereSpace?

Toxic atmosphere
Engulfment
Asphyxiation/Suffocation
Slips and fall
Chemical exposure
Extreme temperature
Thermal / Chemical burns
Noise and vibration

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Confined Space Hazards Continued:
Electricity/Mechanical
hazards:
Mixers
Crushers
Underground
Electrical cables
Others:
Scorpions
Snakes etc.

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Symptoms of Oxygen Deficient
Atmosphere
The air we normally
breathe contains 21% oxygen.

Oxygen Deficient atmosphere contains less than

19.5% oxygen. Here are warning symptoms to let
you know you are in an oxygen deficient atmosphere:
19.5 %
15 - 19%

Minimum acceptable oxygen level.

Decreased ability to work strenuously, impaired

judgment and coordination

12-14%
Breathing difficulty. impaired judgment and
coordination
10-12%
Respiration increases. Lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea Unconsciousness.
4-6%
Coma in 40 seconds and fatal death.

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Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere
Oxygen level above 21%. Causes
flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when
ignited.
Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
Oil soaked clothing and materials.
Never use pure oxygen to
ventilate.
Never store or place compressed
tanks in a confined space.

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23.5%
Oxygen

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Toxic Atmosphere
A Toxic atmosphere is an
atmosphere that has toxic gases
present such as, Hydrogen Sulphide,
Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide,
Benzene, Lead or Chromate
compounds, etc..
An atmosphere that exceeds the
Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) for
any substance
presenting a threat of causing injury,
acute illness or death due to the
presence of flammable, toxic or
otherwise injurious or incapacitating
substances.

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Flammable / Explosive Atmospheres
Critical Factors:
Petrol vapor between 1.4 % LEL
to 7.6 % UEL with 92.4%- 98.6%
air will result in explosion in the
presence of an ignition source.
Between 5.o% LEL to 15.0%
UEL of methane with 02 will
result in an explosion in the
presence of an ignition source

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Flammable / Explosive Atmospheres
The PresenceContinued:
of explosive dust
, gas vapor or flammable vapor
will lead to fire Or explosion in
the presence of the following :
electrical spark or
welding and cutting and
grinding operations
Smoking

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Temperature Extremes
Extremely hot or cold
temperatures.
Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
Humidity factors.
Extremely cold liquids.
Work processes inside the confined
space can increase temperature
extremes.
Personal protective equipment.

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Other Hazards
Noise
Amplified due to acoustics within the
space.
Damaged hearing, affect
communication.

Surfaces
Slick / Wet, Slips and falls.
Increased chance of electric shock.

Falling Objects
Topside opening exposes workers
inside confined space to falling objects.

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Permit Entry Systems

Written permit signed by entry supervisor.

Verifies pre-entry precautions have been
taken and the space is safe to enter.
Post at entry to confined space
appropriate warning signs.
Specifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry.
Requires termination of permit when task
is completed or when new conditions exist.

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Entry Permit Requirements
Date, location, and name of confined
space.
Purpose of entry and known hazards.
Duration of entry permit time.
Authorized entrants, attendants,
supervisors.
Air testing results - signature of
tester.

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Entry Permit Requirements
Protective measures
to be
Continued:
taken.
Ventilation, Isolation,
Flushing
Lockout / Tag out, Purging
Rescue Emergency plan.

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Two options for Entering
Confined Space
Permitrequired
confined
space entry
For hazardous
or potentially
hazardous
confined
space work
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Nonpermit
confined
space entry
For nonhazardous
confined
space work

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

A Permit required Confined Space
Has one or more of the following
characteristics:
Contains or has the potential to contain
hazardous/explosive atmospheres;
Contains materials that have the potential to
engulf an entrant;
Has an internal configuration such that an
entrant could become trapped or asphyxiated; or
Contains any other serious safety or health
hazards.

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A Non-Permit required Confined Space

Does not contain hazardous atmospheres, or

have the potential to contain any hazard
capable of causing serious physical harm,
injury or death such as:
Flammable / Explosive atmosphere
Toxic atmosphere
Oxygen deficient atmosphere
Oxygen enriched atmosphere
Mechanical or electrical hazards and others

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A Permit confined space can be

changed to a Non-permit
confined space!

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Permit Required Confined Space Entry

Procedure
Isolate the space

Ventilate the space

Conduct Toolbox-Meeting

Complete permit

Test the atmosphere

Post signs to alert

employees

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Permit Required Confined Space Entry
Procedure
Continued
Use barriers
to keep

unauthorized
persons
out of confined spaces.
Illuminate the space.
Establish communication
Enter the space

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Isolation
Locking and tagging out electrical or
mechanical sources.
Shutting off a flow line
Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and
hydraulic lines.
Disconnecting mechanical drives and
shafts.
Securing mechanical parts.
Blanking sewer and water flow.
Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.

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Ventilate
Use mechanical ventilation if
required such as: Fans and air
horns for shallow confined
spaces
Make sure air supply is not
contaminated and Ventilation
air supply is from fresh air
uncontaminated with
flammables, toxins, etc.
Use Artificial Respiratory
Equipment for deep
subsurface confined spaces
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Test The Atmosphere
Verify presence of safe work
atmosphere.
Test all areas of a confined space.
Top, Middle, Bottom
Methane is lighter than air.
Carbon Monoxide is the same as
air.
Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than
air.
Oxygen Deficiency.

GOOD
Air
Poor
Air
Deadly
Air

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Entry Supervisor

The employee
responsible for
coordinating the entry
into the confined
space.
This must be a
Supervisor ( Team
Leader) or foreman.

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Responsible Person
The person directly
responsible for the work
being performed in the
confined space.
This can be the Team
Leader, Foreman,
journeyman, or other
person qualified by
training and experience.

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Duties of Entry Supervisor
To assure adequate protection is provided to the entrants by
verifying adequate lockout / tag out and that all hazards are
securely isolated.

To support the attendants authority in controlling access of

unauthorized persons to the confined space.
To verify that all personnel have exited prior to closing the space.
To assure that all personnel involved are aware of the hazards
associated with the space.

To assure that rescue services are available prior to entry.

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Duties of Safety Representative
The safety representative tests the
space for concentrations of
known hazardous and harmful
substances, such as:
hydrogen sulfide,
carbon monoxide,
flammable liquid or gas vapor
is measured to determine it
level

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Entrant/Attendant Definitions
The entrant is the person
who enters a confined
space.
The attendant is the
person who stays with the
entrant outside the
confined space, and is
responsible for assisting the
entrant in exiting the
confined space, and calling
for emergency assistance
when required.

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Attendant Responsibilities
To monitor entrants during the job and during
entry & exit to help ensure their safety.
The attendant may not abandon his post for
any reason while personnel are in the space
unless relieved by another qualified attendant
To monitor atmospheric conditions in the
space prior to and during entry.

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Attendant Responsibilities
To control access to the confined space.
To summon emergency assistance as needed.
To assess hazards in and around the space,
and take action on the same.
To keep records of confined space work, such
as air test results, personnel entry/exit, etc.

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Communication Methods

Sight
Verbal
Radio

If the loss of communication occurs, personnel must

exit the space immediately!
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Personal Protective Equipment

Eye
Fall
Head
Hearing
Respiratory

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Typical Example of PTW

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Means Of Entry

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Confined Space Means Of Entry
A means of entry must be provided
for both safe normal entry or exit ,
and emergency extrication.
Tripods with hoist, lifeline, and
full body harness are often used
for emergency extrication.

Ladders may be used for ordinary

entry and exit.

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Avoid these Common Confined Space

Entry
Mistakes
Re-enter area after
work
is completed,
without retesting air or wearing PPE.
Workers thought they could hold their
breath long enough
Contaminated air supply to breathing device
Air hoses longer than the maximum of 75
meters (250) feet
Removing air mask inside the confined
space because face piece fogged up
Using cleaning solvent in areas without
proper ventilation
Disregarding call from the Attendant to
leave the confined space.

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Rescue & Resuscitation
Provision of suitable rescue and
resuscitation equipment is
necessary when Entrants are still
working in the confined space.
Tripod over 1.5m vertical dept
with body safety harness.
Where such equipment are
provided for use, training of
rescuers in their correct
operation is essential.

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Rescuers should be capable of using

any equipment provided, such as:

Breathing apparatus,
Tripod / body safety harness
Firefighting equipment.
Rescuers also need to be protected against the cause of
the emergency.
It may be necessary to shut down adjacent plant before
attempting emergency rescue.
First-aid procedures
Trained first Aider need to be available to make proper
use of any necessary first-aid equipment provided

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When the Job is Done:
Remove all personnel, tools, and
debris from the space.
Sign-off the log.
Close the space and/or make
inaccessible.
Review the job done and cancel the
permit

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Dont depend on luck!

Test all confined spaces for
hazards and complete all
Permits before entry!
Its a matter of life and
death!
Rev-01 Date:
28.04.2011