Professional Documents
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Data Analysis
and Computers I
Slide 1
Compu
ters I
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Examples:
Compu
ters I
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Hypotheses:
Decision:
Compu
ters I
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Compu
ters I
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Interpretation:
small: d = .20 to .50
medium: d = .50 to .80
large: d = .80 and higher
Compu
ters I
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Degrees
of
freedom
Value
of
statistic
Significance
of statistic
Include if test
is one-tailed
Effect size
if available
Compu
ters I
New dataset
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Compu
ters I
Coding scheme - 1
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Variables
Variables
Variables
Variables
Compu
ters I
Coding scheme - 2
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Coding scheme - 3
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This problem uses the data set OMAHA.Sav to compare the average difference
between the variable "feeling of being a failure one week after the incident"
[se1_3] and "feeling of being a failure six months after the incident" [se6_3]. Using
an paired-samples t-test with an alpha of .05, is the following statement true, true
with caution, false, or an incorrect application of a statistic?
Victims of domestic violence significantly decreased their feeling of being a failure
at six months after the incident (M = 1.64, SD = 0.66) over that at one week after
the incident (M = 1.79, SD = 0.78) .
o
o
o
o
True
True with caution
False
Incorrect application of a statistic
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This problem uses the data set OMAHA.Sav to compare the average difference
between the variable "feeling of being a failure one week after the incident"
[se1_3] and "feeling of being a failure six months after the incident" [se6_3]. Using
an paired-samples t-test with an alpha of .05, is the following statement true, true
with caution, false, or an incorrect application of a statistic?
Victims of domestic violence
decreased their feeling of being a failure
The firstsignificantly
paragraph identifies:
at six months after the incident
(M = 1.64, SD = 0.66) over that at one week after
The data set to use, e.g. OMAHA.Sav
the incident (M = 1.79, SD
= 0.78)
.
The
variable
that will be compared in the
analysis
The alpha level to use for the hypothesis test
o
o
o
o
True
True with caution
False
Incorrect application of a statistic
ters I
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This problem uses the data set OMAHA.Sav to compare the average difference
between the variable "feeling of being a failure one week after the incident"
[se1_3] and "feeling of being a failure six months after the incident" [se6_3]. Using
an paired-samples t-test with an alpha of .05, is the following statement true, true
with caution, false, or an incorrect application of a statistic?
Victims of domestic violence significantly decreased their feeling of being a failure
at six months after the incident (M = 1.64, SD = 0.66) over that at one week after
the incident (M = 1.79, SD = 0.78) .
o
o
o
o
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This
uses
the data set OMAHA.Sav to compare the average difference
The problem
answer to
a problem
will be True
the t-test
between
the ifvariable
"feeling of being a failure
one week
after thewill
incident"
The answer
to a problem
be
supports the finding in
True
with
caution
if
the
t-test
[se1_3]
and "feeling
of being a failure six months
after the incident" [se6_3]. Using
the problem
statement.
supports the finding in the
an paired-samples t-test with an alpha of .05,
is the
followingbut
statement
true, true
problem
statement,
the
variable compared is ordinal level.
with caution, false, or an incorrect application of a statistic?
Victims of domestic violence significantly decreased their feeling of being a failure
at six months after the incident (M = 1.64, SD = 0.66) over that at one week after
the incident (M = 1.79, SD = 0.78) .
o
o
o
o
True
True with caution
False
Incorrect application of a statistic
The answer to a
problem will be
False if the t-test
does not support the
finding in the
problem statement.
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Third, click
on the OK
button to
complete the
command.
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Second, click on
the Options
button to select
the statistics we
want.
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First, in addition
to the statistics,
SPSS has checked
by default, mark
the Kurtosis and
Skewness check
boxes on the
Distribution panel.
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Click on the OK
button to obtain
the output.
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The answer to the question is True with caution (the variables are
ordinal scales).
Since SPSS may change the order for the pair, the mean difference
(e.g. .146) and the t-statistic may not have the correct sign. In this
example, the average at six months was less than the average at 1
week, suggesting that the mean and t-statistic should have been
negative.
This is why I verify the direction of the test (increase or decrease) by
examining the means of the samples, rather than relying on the sign
of the mean difference. The feedback for homework problems will
have the correct sign, though it may disagree with the SPSS output.
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Measurement
level of the pair of
variables?
Strictly
speaking, the
test requires
interval level
variable. We will
allow ordinal
level variables
with a caution.
Nominal/
Dichotomous
Interval/ordinal
Inappropriate
application of
a statistic
Skewness and
Kurtosis
between
-1.0 and +1.0?
Yes
No
Number of cases
in both groups is
at least 30?
Yes
No
Inappropriate
application of
a statistic
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No
False
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One-tailed or
two-tailed test?
Two-tailed
One-tailed
Divide two-tailed
significance by 2
Add
caution for
ordinal
variable.
Yes
True
Probability for
t-test less than
or equal to
alpha?
No
False
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This problem uses the data set OMAHA.Sav to compare the average
difference between the variable "feeling like a person of worth one
week after the incident" [se1_1] and "feeling like a person of worth
six months after the incident" [se6_1]. Using an paired-samples ttest with an alpha of .05, is the following statement true, true with
caution, false, or an incorrect application of a statistic?
Victims of domestic violence significantly increased their feeling like
a person of worth at six months after the incident (M = 3.50, SD =
0.59) over that at one week after the incident (M = 3.45, SD =
0.67) .
The answer to this problem was false
1
2
3
4
True
We can conduct a post-hoc power
True with caution
analysis to determine what number of
cases would have been needed to have a
False
better chance of finding a statistically
significant difference.
Incorrect application of a statistic
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Second, click
on the OK
button to close
the dialog box.
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SPSS sets the default test to a twotailed test with an alpha of .05.
Since our test was a one-tailed test
with an alpha of .05, we click on
the text specified as the SPSS
default.
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When we have
entered the values,
click on the Compute
button.
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