What Are Shapes?

Ashapeis ageometrical figurethat can be

described with mathematics.
One way to classify shapes is to describe a
bigger shape that the shape fits inside of.
For example, two-dimensional shapes like
circles will fit inside of a flatplane. Threedimensional objects like cubes will not fit
inside of a plane, because they are not
flat.

2-dimensional
Shapes

These
are
twodimensionalshapes
or
flat
planegeometry
shapes. Their sidesare
made of straight or
curved lines. They can
have
any
number
ofsides. Plane figures
made
of
lines
are
calledpolygons. Triangles
and
squares
are
examples of polygons

Properties Of
2 Dimensional Shapes
Two-dimensional shapes are planar. They
depend on only two coordinates--xandy, for
instance--consisting
ofxunits
andyunits,
respectively. 2-D shapes include the square,
the triangle, the rhombus, etc.

2-D

shapes do not have prominent or rugged

parts. For example, square, whereas threedimensional like a cube, which is like an
extended or prominent square.

3-Dimensional
Shapes

A 3D shape is a solid which

encloses a volume and has length
breadth and height

Other 3D shapes

Properties Of 3
Dimensional Shapes

3-dimensional shapes have four properties

that set them apart from two-dimensional
shapes:
faces,
vertices,
edges and
volume.
These properties determine whether the
shape is two- or three-dimensional, but also
which three-dimensional shape it is.

What is a Map?
A map is a graphic
representation
of
a
portion of the earth's
surface drawn to scale,
as seen from above.
It uses colors, symbols,
scales and labels to
represent features found
on the ground.

Colors used in Map

a. Black. Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and
roads, surveyed spot elevations, and all labels.
b. Red-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined to identify
cultural features, all relief features, non-surveyed spot elevations, and
elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps.
c. Blue. Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes,
swamps, rivers, and drainage.
d. Green. Identifies vegetation with military significance, such as
woods, orchards, and vineyards.
e. Brown. Identifies all relief features and elevation, such as contours
on older edition maps, and cultivated land on red-light readable maps.
f. Red. Classifies cultural features, such as populated areas, main
roads, fire station,and boundaries, on older maps.
g. Other. Occasionally other colors may be used to show special
information. These are indicated in the marginal information as a rule.

Scales used in Maps

A map is a scaled graphic representation of a
portion of the earth's surface.
The scale of the map permits the user to convert
distance on the map to distance on the ground or
vice versa.
The ability to determine distance on a map, as well
as on the earth's surface, is an important factor in
planning and executing military missions.

Scales used in Maps

-Distances Shown on the map are
proportional to the actual distance on the
ground.
-While drawing a map, we should take care
about:
How much of actual distance is
denoted by
1mm or 1cm in the map
- It can be : 1cm = 1 Kilometers or 10 Km or
100Km etc.
- This scale can vary from map to map but
not with in the map.

Points to remember

A map depicts the location of a particular

object/place in relation to other objects/places.
Symbols and colors are used to depict the
different objects/places.
There is no reference or perspective in map, i.e.,
objects that are closer to the observer are shown
to be of the same size as those that are farther
away.
Maps use a scale which is fixed for a particular
map. It reduces the real distances proportionately
to distances on paper.

Face
Part of a shape
that is flat.(Or
curved)
E.g. A cube has 6
of these.

Edge
The line where
two faces meet.
E.g. A cube has
12 of these.

Vertex (Vertices)
The place where
three or more
edges meet.
This pyramid has
4 of these.

Polyhedrons

A polyhedron is a solid shape bounded by polygons whereas

non-polyhedrons do not have polygon shaped faces. Cubes,
cuboids, prisms, and pyramids are few examples of polyhedrons.
Spheres, cones and cylinders are a few examples of nonpolyhedrons.
These are polyhedrons.

These are not polyhedrons.

F+V=E+2 is known as Eulers formula and it holds true for any

polyhedron. Here F stands for faces, V for vertices and E for the
edges of the polyhedron.

Polyhedrons
A polyhedron is said to be regular if its faces are made up of
regular polygons and the same number of faces meet at each
vertex. An irregular polyhedron is made of polygons whose
sides
and
angles
are
not
of
equal
measure.
Regular polyhedron

Irregular polyhedron

Polyhedrons
In a convex polyhedron, the line segment joining any two points on the
surface of the polyhedron lies entirely inside or on the polyhedron.
A polyhedron some of whose plane sections are concave polygons is
known as a concave polyhedron. Concave polygons have at least one
interior angle greater than 180 and has some of its sides bent inward.
Convex polyhedron

Prisms and pyramids

A prism is a polyhedron with parallel congruent polygon bases and sides
made of parallelograms.
A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon of any number of
sides and whose lateral faces are triangles with a common vertex.
Prisms and pyramids are named after the shape of their base.
Maps represent the location of a place or object in relation to other places
or objects.

Prisms

Pyramids

Prisms
Prisms have two identical, parallel
faces joined to one another by
rectangles. Examples are;

Pyramids
Pyramids have one face with at least 3 edges, the faces
meeting these edges are ALL triangles.

NOTE: Pyramids get their name from the shape of their base.
There are many more pyramids than these ones shown