Memory

Types of Memory
Two types of memory use:
______________: involves conscious effort
______________: does NOT involve effort
These two types of memory describe the
______________

Types of Memory
Two types of memory content:
_________________: memory for facts and events
______________= memory for personal events
______________= memory for facts and the basic
meanings of words and concepts

_________________: memory for how to do things

These two types of memory describe the
_____________

Your recollection of how to use your clicker is an

example of ____________ memory, whereas your
recollection of the events from your first day of class this
semester is an example of ____________ memory.

A.
B.
C.
D.

procedural; semantic
semantic; procedural
procedural; episodic
episodic; semantic

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle

without any conscious recollection that one
can do so best illustrates ________ memory.
A.
B.
C.
D.
http://www.androidmeup.com/system/application/resources/img/jigsaw_puzzle.png

explicit
flashbulb
implicit
sensory

Overview of Memory Processes

Encoding
Initial processing of information that leads to a
representation in memory

Storage
Retention of encoded material over time

Retrieval
Recovery of stored information at a later time
___________
___________

The Information-Processing
Model of Memory
_________________
Represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a
few seconds or less
Iconic memory = visual
Echoic memory = sounds

_________________
Includes working memory
Refers to what is going on in short-term memory
Involves active processing of information in short-term
memory

Limited capacity
Lasts only briefly without rehearsal

_________________
Nearly unlimited capacity

The Information-Processing
Model of Memory

What Factors Influence Recall?

Demonstration 1 Word List
Demonstration 2 Word List

Demonstration 1
List 1

List 2

List 3

What Does Demonstration 1

Tell Us About Memory?
Serial Position Effect
_________________
Enhanced recall of information
at the beginning of a list
_____________

_________________
Enhanced recall of information
at the end of a list
_____________________

Demonstration 2
List 1

List 2

List 3

What Does Demonstration 2

Tell Us About Memory?
The _____________is not evident if there is a
delay and/or interference

Demonstration 3

How many pieces of information can a

person remember?

Chunking

What Does Experiment 3 Tell

Us About Memory?
We can hold _______ pieces of information in shortterm memory
_______ pieces of information

But, with ______________, we can hold more pieces

of information
_____________ = reconfiguring items by grouping
them on the basis of similarity or some other
organizing principle
Combining items into larger patterns

Before and After Chunking

Before:

After:

What Factors Influence

Memory?
Demonstration 4
On each slide you must follow the
directions for the target word
# of upper case letters
Rhyme with
?
Use in a sentence

EXAMPLE
hello
# Upper Case?

tooth
# Upper Case?

trees
Rhyme with Dinner?

desk
Write a sentence using the word.

basket
# Upper Case?

kettle
Write a sentence using the word.

seven
Rhyme with heaven?

nose
# Upper Case?

book
Rhyme with cook?

paper
Write a sentence using the word.

section
Write a sentence using the word.

names
# Upper Case?

example
Rhyme with speaker?

balloon
# Upper Case?

page
Write a sentence using the word.

fan
Rhyme with screen?

key
Rhyme with sea?

goose
# Upper Case?

print
Write a sentence using the word.

football
# Upper Case?

sidewalk
Write a sentence using the word.

carpet
Rhyme with largest?

Recall Target Words

How many did you remember?

List 1

List 2

List 3

How many words did you

remember from List 1?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

How many words did you

remember from List 2?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

How many words did you

remember from List 3?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

What Does Demonstration 4

Tell Us About Memory?
Levels-of-Processing Theory
Shallow processing (visual encoding)
Deep processing (semantic encoding)

Levels-of-Processing Theory

Why Do We Forget?
Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve

Why Do We Forget? - Interference

Why Do We Forget? - Amnesia

Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel

beam fell on his head. He cannot remember
anything that has happened since the
accident. Jerry is experiencing
____________ amnesia.
A.
B.
C.
D.

retrograde
anterograde
retroactive
proactive

How Does Brain Damage

Affect Memory?
The case of H.M.
Case study of 27-year-old man with epilepsy
Brain surgery removed part of brain, including
his hippocampus

Could not form new memories

______________________

Also lost some old memories

______________________

Normal intelligence and working memory

H.M.s Brain Surgery

Studying H.M.s Brain at UCSD

Biological Aspects of Memory

_________________
Procedural memory and classically conditioned
responses

_________________
Sensory memories

______________________________
Declarative memory (facts, dates, names)
Memories of emotional significance (amygdala)

Study Smarter: What does memory research

suggest about how to study effectively?

1.
2.
3.

Show What You Know

Test Prep
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