Chapter 01

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers
and C++ Programming

Outline
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
Introduction
What is a Computer?
Computer Organization
Evolution of Operating Systems
Personal Computing, Distributed Computing
and Client/Server Computing
Machine Languages, Assembly Languages,
and High-level Languages
History of C and C++
C++ Standard Library
Java and Java How to Program
Other High-level Languages
Structured Programming
The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
Basics of a Typical C++ Environment
Hardware Trends
History of the Internet
2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming
Outline
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
History of the World Wide Web

General Notes About C++ and This Book
Introduction to C++ Programming
A Simple Program: Printing a Line of Text
Another Simple Program: Adding Two Integers
Memory Concepts
Arithmetic
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Thinking About Objects: Introduction to Object Technology
and the Unified Modeling Language
1.1 Introduction
In this course you will learn
C and C++
Structured programming and object oriented programming
1.2
What is a Computer?
Computer
A device capable of performing computations and making
logical decisions
Computer programs
Sets of instructions that control a computers processing of
data
Hardware
Various devices comprising a computer
Examples: keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CDROM, and processing units
Software
Programs that run a computer

1.3 Computer Organization

Six logical units in every computer:
Input unit
Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)
Output unit
Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other
devices)
Memory unit
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
Central processing unit (CPU)

Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer
Secondary storage unit
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive

programs
1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

Batch processing
Do only one job or task at a time
Operating systems
Manage transitions between jobs
Increased throughput
Amount of work computers process
Multiprogramming
Many jobs or tasks sharing a computers resources
Timesharing
Perform a small portion of one users job then moves on to

service the next user
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly

Languages, and High-level Languages
Three types of programming languages
1. Machine languages
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions

Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
2. Assembly languages
English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer

operations (translated via assemblers)
Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly

Languages, and High-level Languages
1. High-level languages
Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations

(translated via compilers)
Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
C/C++ is a High-level language.
10
1.7 History of C and C++

C
Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming
languages, BCPL and B
Used to develop UNIX
Used to write modern operating systems
Hardware independent (portable)
ANSI C
Established worldwide standards for C programming
C++ evolved from C
Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming
1.8 The Key Software Trend: Object

Technology
Objects
Objects are reusable software components that
model things in the real world
Object-oriented programs better organized and are
easy to understand, correct and modify
Meaningful software units
Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects,
invoice objects, audio objects, video objects, file
objects, record objects, etc.
Any noun can be represented as an object
Favor modularity
11
12
1.9 C++ Standard Library

C++ programs
Built from pieces called classes and functions
A programmer can create his own functions
Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works
Disadvantage: time consuming
C++ standard library

Provides rich collections of existing classes and functions for
all programmers to use
Avoid re-inventing the wheel
If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than

write your own
Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable
13
1.10 Java and Java How to Program

Java used to
Create web pages with dynamic and interactive content

Develop large-scale enterprise applications
Enhance the functionality of web servers
Provide applications for consumer devices (such as cell
phones, pagers and personal digital assistants)
Java how to program
Closely followed the development of Java by sun

Teaches first-year programming students the essentials of
graphics, images, animation, audio, video, database,
networking, multithreading and collaborative computing
14
1.11 Other High-level Languages

Other (earlier) high-level languages
FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
Used for scientific and engineering applications
COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)

Used to manipulate large amounts of data
Still used to program a significant percent of business software.
Pascal
Intended for academic use
Today:
C++
Java
Python
Perl
C#
Visual Basic
15
1.12 Structured Programming

Structured programming
Disciplined approach to writing programs
Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
Multitasking
Many activities to run in parallel
16
1.13 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit
2. Preprocess
3. Compile
4. Link
5. Load
Editor
Preprocessor
Compiler
Linker
Loader
Disk
Programiscreatedin
theeditorandstored
ondisk.
Disk
Preprocessorprogram
processesthecode.
Disk
Compilercreates
objectcodeandstores
itondisk.
Disk
Linkerlinkstheobject
codewiththelibraries,
createsa.outand
storesitondisk
Primary
Memory
Loaderputsprogram
inmemory.
Disk
6. Execute
..
..
..
Primary
Memory
CPU
..
..
..
CPUtakeseach
instructionand
executesit,possibly
storingnewdata
valuesastheprogram
executes.
17
1.14 Hardware Trends

Every year or two computers approximately double
The amount of memory they contain
Memory used to execute programs
The amount of secondary storage they contain

Secondary storage (such as disk storage) is used to to hold
programs and data over time
Their processor speeds
The speed at which computers execute their programs

This has changed with advent of Multi-core processors
18
1.15 History of the Internet

The Internet enables
Quick and easy communication via e-mail
International networking of computers
Packet switching
Transfers digital data via small packets
Allows multiple users to send and receive data
simultaneously
No centralized control
If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate
Bandwidth
Carrying capacity of communications lines
TCP/IP
19
1.16 History of the World Wide Web

World Wide Web
Allows users to locate and view multimedia-based

documents on almost any subject
Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible
worldwide
Makes it possible for individuals and small businesses to get
worldwide exposure
Is changing the way business is done
1.17 General Notes About C++

and This Book
Book is geared toward novice programmers
Programming clarity is stressed
C and C++ are portable languages
Programs written in C and C++ can run on many different

computers
20
21
1.18 Introduction to C++ Programming

C++ language
Facilitates a structured and disciplined approach to computer
program design
Following are several examples
The examples illustrate many important features of C++

Each example is analyzed one statement at a time.
// Fig. 1.2: fig01_02.cpp
// A first program in C++
Comments
#include <iostream>
1. Comments
Written between /* and */ or following
a //.
4
5
int main()
Improve program readability and do not cause the

computer to perform any action. 2. Load <iostream>
preprocessor directive
std::cout << "Welcome to C++!\n";
8
9
return 0;
Outline
3. main
Message to the C++ preprocessor.

3.1 Print "Welcome to
Lines beginning with # are preprocessor
directives.
C++\n"
// indicate that program ended successfully
#include <iostream> tells the preprocessor to

3.2
exit (return
include
the contents
theor
file
<iostream>,
which
C++
programs
containofone
more
functions,
one
of 0)
includes
input/output
which
must
be main operations (such as printing to
the screen).
Program Output
Parenthesis are used to indicate a function
10 }
Welcome to C++!
Prints the string of characters

contained
between
the an integer value.
int means
that main
"returns"
quotation marks.
More in Chapter 3.
return is a way to exit a function
from a function.
A left
brace { begins
The entire line, including
std::cout,
the the
<< body of every function
and a right to
braceC++!\n"
} ends it. and
operator,
return 0, in this case,
means the
thatstring "Welcome
semicolon (;), is called a statement.
the program terminatedthe
normally.
All statements must end with a semicolon.
22
1.19 A Simple Program:

Printing a Line of Text
std::cout
Standard output stream object
Connected to the screen
std:: specifies the "namespace" which cout belongs to
std:: can be removed through the use of using statements
<<
Stream insertion operator
Value to the right of the operator (right operand) inserted
into output stream (which is connected to the screen)
std::cout << Welcome to C++!\n;
Escape character
Indicates that a special character is to be output
23
1.19 A Simple Program:

Printing a Line of Text
Escape Sequence
Description
\n
Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t
Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next

tab stop.
\r
Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a
\\
Alert. Sound the system bell.
\"
Double quote. Used to print a double quote

character.
Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
There are multiple ways to print text
Following are more examples
24
// Fig. 1.4: fig01_04.cpp
// Printing a line with multiple statements
#include <iostream>
1. Load <iostream>
4
5
int main()
2. main
std::cout << "Welcome ";
std::cout << "to C++!\n";
9
10
return 0;
Outline
2.1 Print "Welcome"

2.2 Print "to C++!"
2.3 newline
11 }
2.4 exit (return 0)
Welcome to C++!
Program Output
Unless new line '\n' is specified, the text continues

on the same line.
25
// Fig. 1.5: fig01_05.cpp
// Printing multiple lines with a single statement
#include <iostream>
Outline
1. Load <iostream>
2. main
int main()
2.1 Print "Welcome"
std::cout << "Welcome\nto\n\nC++!\n";
2.2 newline
2.3 Print "to"
8
9
return 0;
10 }
2.5 newline
2.6 Print "C++!"
Welcome
to
2.7 newline
C++!
2.8 exit (return 0)

Multiple lines can be printed with one
statement.
2.4 newline
Program Output
26
1.20 Another Simple Program:

Adding Two Integers
Variables
Location in memory where a value can be stored for use by a
program
Must be declared with a name and a data type before they
can be used
Some common data types are:
int - integer numbers
char - characters
double - floating point numbers
Example: int myvariable;

Declares a variable named myvariable of type int
Example: int variable1, variable2;
Declares two variables, each of type int

27
Primitive Data types

Name
Description
Size
Range
char
Character or small
integer
1 byte
signed: -128 to 127

unsigned: 0 to 255
short int (short)
Short Integer
2 bytes
signed: -32768 to 32767

unsigned: 0 to 65535
Int
Integer
4 bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647

iong int (long)
Long integer
4 bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647

bool
Boolean value. It can

take one of two values:
true or false
1 byte
true or false
float
Floating point number
4 bytes
+/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

(24 bit coefficient, 8 bit exponent)
double
Double precision
floating point number
8 bytes
+/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

(53 bit coefficient, 11 bit exponent)
long double
Long double precision

floating point number
16 bytes
+/- 1.2e +/- 4932 (~19 digits)
wchar_t
Wide character
2 or 4
bytes
1 wide character
28
1.20 Another Simple Program:

Adding Two Integers
>> (stream extraction operator)
When used with std::cin, waits for the user to input a
value and stores the value in the variable to the right of the
operator
The user types a value, then presses the Enter (Return) key to
send the data to the computer
Example:
int myVariable;
std::cin >> myVariable;
Waits for user input, then stores input in myVariable
= (assignment operator)
Assigns value to a variable
Binary operator (has two operands)
Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

29
// Fig. 1.6: fig01_06.cpp
// Addition program
#include <iostream>
Outline
30
1. Load <iostream>
4
5
int main()
2. main
2.1 Initialize variables
integer1,
prompt
integer2,
Notice how std::cin is used
to get userand sum
int integer1, integer2, sum;
// declaration
std::cout << "Enter first integer\n";
//
10
std::cin >> integer1;
// read an integer
11
std::cout << "Enter second integer\n"; // prompt
12
std::cin >> integer2;
// read an integer
13
sum = integer1 + integer2;
// assignment of sum
14
std::cout << "Sum is " << sum << std::endl; // print sum
8
9
15
16
return 0;
//
17 }
Enter first integer

45
Enter second integer
72
Sum is 117
input.
2.2 Print "Enter

first integer"
2.2.1 Get input
2.3 Print "Enter

second integer"
indicate that program ended successfully
std::endl flushes the buffer and
2.3.1 Get input
prints a newline.
2.4 Add variables and
put result into sum
Variables can be output using std::cout << variableName.
2.5 Print "Sum is"
2.5.1 Output sum
2.6 exit (return 0)
Program Output
31
1.21 Memory Concepts

Variable names
Correspond to locations in the computer's memory
Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value
int myVariable = 10;
4 bytes
Whenever a new value is placed into a variable, it replaces

the Type
previous value - it Name
is destroyed
Value
Size
Reading variables from memory does not change them
A visual representation
integer1
45
32
1.21 Memory Concepts

A visual representation (continued)
integer1
integer2
integer1
45
integer2
72
45
72
sum
117
33
1.22
Arithmetic
Arithmetic calculations
Use * for multiplication and / for division
Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
Modulus operator returns the remainder

7 % 5 evaluates to 2
Operator precedence
Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e.,
multiplication before addition)
Be sure to use parenthesis when needed
Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c
Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
34
1.22
Arithmetic
Arithmetic operators:
C++ operation Arithmetic
operator
+
Addition
Algebraic
expression
f+7
C++ expression
Subtraction
Multiplication
pc
bm
p - c
b * m
Division
x/y
x / y
Modulus
rmods
r % s
f + 7
Rules of operator precedence:

Operator(s)
Operation(s)
Order of evaluation (precedence)
()
Parentheses
Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the

expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If
there are several pairs of parentheses on the same level
(i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or %
Multiplication Division Evaluated second. If there are several, they re

Modulus
evaluated left to right.
+ or -
Addition
Subtraction
Evaluated last. If there are several, they are

evaluated left to right.
35
Arithmetic Example
Step 1.
y = 2 * 5 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7;
(Leftmost multiplication)
2 * 5 is 10
Step 2.
y = 10 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7;
(Leftmost multiplication)
10 * 5 is 50
Step 3.
y = 50 + 3 * 5 + 7;
(Multiplication before addition)
3 * 5 is 15
Step 4.
y = 50 + 15 + 7;
(Leftmost addition)
50 + 15 is 65
Step 5.
y = 65 + 7;
(Last addition)
65 + 7 is 72
Step 6.
y = 72;
(Last operationplace 72 in y )
1.23 Decision Making: Equality and

Relational Operators
using statements
Eliminate the need to use the std:: prefix
Allow us to write cout instead of std::cout
To use the following functions without the std:: prefix,
write the following at the top of the program
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;
36

if structure
Test conditions truth or falsity. If condition met execute,
otherwise ignore
Equality and relational operators

Lower precedence than arithmetic operators
Table of relational operators on next slide
37

Standard algebraic
equality operator or
relational operator
C++ equality
or relational
operator
Example
of C++
condition
Meaning of
C++ condition
Relationaloperators
>
>
x>y
xisgreaterthany
<
<
x<y
xislessthany
>=
x>=y
xisgreaterthanorequaltoy
<=
x<=y
xislessthanorequaltoy
Equalityoperators
==
x==y
xisequaltoy
!=
x!=y
xisnotequaltoy
38
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
// Fig. 1.14: fig01_14.cpp

// Using if statements, relational
// operators, and equality operators
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;
// program uses cout

// program uses cin
// program uses endl
Outline
1. Load <iostream>
Notice the using statements.
2. main
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
2.1 Initialize num1 and

num2
2.1.1 Input data
cout << "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"

<< "the relationships they satisfy: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2;
// read two integers
Enter two integers, and I will tell2.2
youif
num1 3 num2 7
statements
the relationships they satisfy: 3 7

if ( num1 == num2 )
The if statements test the truth
cout << num1 << " is equal to " << num2 << endl;
of the condition.
if ( num1 != num2 )
is true,
isit not
equalbody
to 7of if
cout << num1 << " is not equal to " << num2 << endl; 3 If
statement is executed.
if ( num1 < num2 )

If not, body is skipped.
cout << num1 << " is less than " << num2 << endl; 3 is less than 7
if ( num1 > num2 )
cout << num1 << " is greater than " << num2 << endl;
if ( num1 <= num2 )
39
To include multiple statements

in a body, delineate them with
braces {}.
cout << num1 << " is less than or equal to " 3 is less than or equal to 7
<< num2 << endl;
34
if ( num1 >= num2 )

cout << num1 << " is greater than or equal to "
35
36
<< num2 << endl;
37
38
return 0;
Outline
2.3 exit (return 0)
39 }
Program Output
Enter two integers, and I will tell you

3 is not equal to 7
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7
3 != 7
3 == 7
3 <7
3> 7
3 <= 7
3 >= 7

22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12
22 != 12

7 is equal to 7
7 is less than or equal to 7
7 is greater than or equal to 7
40
22 == 12
22 > 12 22 < 12
22 >= 12 22 <= 12
7 != 7
7 == 7
7 <= 7
7 <7
7 >= 7
7>7
1.24 Thinking About Objects: Introduction to

Object Technology and the Unified
Modeling Language
Object orientation
Natural way to think about the world and to write computer
programs
Attributes - properties of objects
Size, shape, color, weight, etc.
Behaviors - actions
A ball rolls, bounces, inflates and deflates
Objects can perform actions as well
Inheritance
New classes of objects absorb characteristics from existing classes
Information hiding
Objects usually do not know how other objects are implemented

41

Modeling Language
Abstraction - view the big picture
See a photograph rather than a group of colored dots
Think in terms of houses, not bricks
Class - unit of programming

Classes serve as a Blueprint" of objects
Objects are created from a class
Classes contain functions

Used to implement behaviors
Classes contain data

Used to implement attributes
Classes are reusable

42

Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Used to model object-oriented systems and aid with their

design
Complex, feature-rich graphical language
43
44
2.6
Key words
Keywords
auto
double
int
struct
break
else
long
switch
case
enum
register
typedef
char
extern
return
union
const
float
short
unsigned
continue
for
signed
void
default
goto
sizeof
volatile
do
if
static
while
Fig. 2.15 Cs reserved keywords.

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers

and C++ Programming

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers

History of the World Wide Web

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

Programs that run a computer

1.3 Computer Organization

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)

Central processing unit (CPU)

Secondary storage unit

Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage, stores inactive

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

Perform a small portion of one users job then moves on to

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly

Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions

English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly

Similar to everyday English, use mathematical notations

C/C++ is a High-level language.

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.7 History of C and C++

C++ evolved from C

Provides capabilities for object-oriented programming

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.8 The Key Software Trend: Object

1.9 C++ Standard Library

C++ standard library

If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.10 Java and Java How to Program

Create web pages with dynamic and interactive content

Java how to program

Closely followed the development of Java by sun

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.11 Other High-level Languages

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.12 Structured Programming

Many activities to run in parallel

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.13 Basics of a Typical C++ Environment

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.14 Hardware Trends

The amount of secondary storage they contain

Their processor speeds

The speed at which computers execute their programs

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.15 History of the Internet

1.16 History of the World Wide Web

Allows users to locate and view multimedia-based

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.17 General Notes About C++

Programs written in C and C++ can run on many different

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1.18 Introduction to C++ Programming

Following are several examples

The examples illustrate many important features of C++

2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.