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EE 104 LECTURE 1
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

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Fundamental Principles
Outline
1. Abnormalities in Power Systems
2. Issues, Purpose and Functions of Power
3.
4.
5.
6.

System Protection
Design Criteria for Protection System
Principles of Zones of Protection
Principles of Primary and Back-up Protection
Methods of Discrimination

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Abnormalities in Power System

Overcurrent

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Abnormalities in Power System

Overcurrent
Sources of Overcurrent
Overload
Operation of Equipment/Conductor in excess normal full load (rated)
capacity which when it persists for a sufficient length of time, would cause
damage or dangerous heating
Shunt Faults (Short Circuits and Ground Faults)

When a phase conductor touches another phase conductor and/or the

ground causing excessive current and requires immediate interruption of
the circuit
Series Faults (Open Circuits)

When one or two phase conductors opened causing excessive unbalance

current and requires immediate interruption of the circuit

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Abnormalities in Power System

Overcurrent
Protection Methods
Protective devices that can sense overcurrents and
isolate faulted circuits
Fuses
Circuit breakers (and protective relays)
Reclosers and sectionalizers

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Abnormalities in Power System

Ground Potential
Sources of Ground Potential
Ground faults through an ungrounded equipment
Touch potentials
Step potentials
Protection Methods
System grounding
Equipment grounding

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Abnormalities in Power System

Surge Voltage
Sources of Surge Voltages
Lightning strokes
Switching surges
Switching in a long line or

cable
Capacitor switching
Inductive current chopping
Current-limiting fuse
operation
Ferroresonance
Harmonics

Protection Methods
Design
BIL of apparatus
Protective devices
Grounding

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Issues and Purpose of Power

System Protection
Safety
To prevent injury to personnel
Equipment Damage

To minimize damage to system components

Service Interruption
To limit the extent and duration of service
interruption
Economics

To minimize costs (Expenses and consequence

of failures)

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Functions of Protective Systems

Recognize certain hazard in the power
system environment and to take the
predetermined action to:

Remove hazard (REACTIONARY)

Change the environment to a less hazardous condition
(SAFEGUARD)

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Functions of Protective Systems

Primary Function
To cause the prompt
removal from service of
any element on a power
system when it suffers a
fault or when it starts to
operate in an abnormal
manner that might cause
damages or otherwise
interfere with the effective
operation of the rest of the
system

Secondary Function
To provide indication of
the location and type of
failure. This assists in
expediting repair and
provides
means
for
analyzing
the
effectiveness of the fault
prevention

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Protective System Design Criteria

1. Reliability
2. Speed
3. Selectivity
4. Sensitivity
5. Economic

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Protective System Design Criteria

1. Reliability
Measure the degree of certainty that the
protective system will perform correctly.
Reliability denotes:

Dependability certainty of correct operation

Security assurance against incorrect operation

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Protective System Design Criteria

2. Speed
Remove fault from the system as quickly as
possible
Classification:

Instantaneous no intentional time delay

High speed - less that 3 cycles (60 Hz system)
Time-delay intentional time delay before trip
action

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Protective System Design Criteria

3. Selectivity

Performance of protective devices to select between

those conditions for which prompt operation and those
for which no operation, or time delay operation is
required
Isolate faulted circuit resulting in minimum interruptions.
Implemented through Zone of Protection

4. Sensitivity

Relaying equipment must be sufficiently sensitive so

that it will operate when required.
Must discriminate normal from abnormal conditions.

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Protective System Design Criteria

5. Economics
Relays having clearly defines zone of
protection better selectivity but generally cost
more
Maximum protection at minimum cost

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Zone of Protection
Regions (zones) of power system that can be protected

adequately with fault recognition and removal resulting

in disconnection of a minimum amount of equipment.
Requirements:
All power system elements must be encompassed by at least

one zone
Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any system element
from being unprotected

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Zone of Protection

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Zone of Protection

(a) Dead-tank circuit breaker with

bushing CTs.

(b) Live-tank circuit breaker with

free-standing CT.

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Zone of Protection

(a) Live-tank circuit breaker with free-standing CT.

(b) Dead-tank circuit breaker with bushing CTs
(c) Live-tank design

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Primary and Backup Protection

Provision must be made to clear the fault by

some alternate protection system should the

protection system fail to operate (fail to
clear the fault)
Primary Protection main protection system for a

given zone of protection

Backup Protection alternate protection system in

case the primary protection fails

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Primary and Backup Protection

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Primary and Backup Protection

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Methods of Discrimination
1. Method Based on Location of Fault
a) Discrimination by time
b) Discrimination by current magnitude
c) Discrimination by distance measurement
d) Discrimination by time and direction
e) Discrimination by time and current magnitude
f) Discrimination by time and distance
g) Current-balance discrimination
h) Power-direction comparison discrimination
i) Phase comparison discrimination

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Methods of Discrimination
Discrimination by Time
Add time lag features
to the controlling relays
of a number of circuit
breakers to trip the
breaker nearest the fault
prior to those farther off
the point of fault

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Methods of Discrimination
Discrimination by Current
Magnitude

Relays are set to pickup

at a progressively higher
current
towards
the
source

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Methods of Discrimination
Discrimination by Distance
Measurement

Discrimination by Time and

Direction

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Methods of Discrimination
Discrimination by Time and
Current Magnitude

Discrimination by Time and

Distance

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Methods of Discrimination
Current Balance
Discrimination

Power-Direction
Comparison Discrimination

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Methods of Discrimination
Phase Comparison Discrimination
Phase angle of current at
the ends of the protected
section is compared, which
gives indication whether
the fault is internal or
external

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Methods of Discrimination
2. Methods based on

3.

Combination of Methods
Sensitive to Location and
Type of Fault

Phase and earth fault

protection

Type of Fault

a)
b)

Zero phase sequence

network
Negative phase sequence
networks

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Assignment
4. For the system shown in the figure
below, the fault F produces these different
responses at various times:

1.

2.

3.

What are the abnormalities

in Power System? How do
we prevent them?
What is the purpose of
grounding? Why is it
important?
What is the difference
between overload current
and fault current?

(a) R1 B1 and R2, B2 operate;

(b) R1 B1, R2 B2, R3 B3 and R4 B4 operate;
(c) R1 B1, R2 B2, and R5 B5 operate; (d) R1
B1, R5 B5, and R6 B6 operate.
Analyze each of these responses for Fault
F and discuss the possible sequence of
events that may have led to these
operations.