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Linear System
Minarni
Introduction
A Fourier series is an expansion of a
periodic function f (t) in terms of an infinite sum
of cosines and sines
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
1
1
2
(a2 cos 2t b2 sin 2t )
f(t)
a0
2
Periodic Function
=
t
a1 cos t
b1 sin t
+
b2 sin 2t
a2 cos 2t
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2
Fundemental frequency
where
T
T
2
a0 f (t )dt
T 0
T
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt
T 0
2
bn f (t ) sin ntdt
T 0
T /2
T / 2
Example 1
Determine the Fourier series representation of the
following waveform.
Solution
First, determine the period & describe the one period
of the function:
T=2
1, 0 t 1
f (t )
0, 1 t 2
f (t 2) f (t )
2
2
a0 f (t )dt f (t )dt 1dt 0dt 1 0 1
T 0
20
0
1
b
2
2 Area below graph 2
(11) 1
a0 f (t )dt
over [0, T ]
T 0
T
2
T
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt
T 0
sin nt
1 cos ntdt 0dt
0
1
1
sin n
2
bn f (t ) sin ntdt
T 0
cos nt
1sin ntdt 0dt
0
1
1
1 cos n
cos n (1) n
1 (1) n 2 / n
Therefore, bn
n
0
, n odd
, n even
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
n
1
1 (1)
sin nt
2 n 1
n
1 2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 5t
2
3
5
cos( x) cos x
For n integers,
sin n 0
cos n (1) n
sin 2n 0
cos 2n 1
[Supplementary]
(a)
(b)
2
sin t
(c)
2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 5t
3
5
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
(d)
2
2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 5t
sin 7t
3
5
7
(e)
2
2
2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 5t
sin 7t
sin 9t
3
5
7
9
(f)
1 2
2
2
sin t
sin 3t
sin 23t
2
3
23
Example 2
Given f (t ) t ,
1 t 1
f (t 2) f (t )
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
T=2
We find that
T
2
a0 f (t )dt
T 1
t
2
tdt
2 1
2
1
11
0
2
1
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt t cos ntdt
T 1
1
t sin nt
sin nt
dt
n
1
1
1
2 2
n
n
cos n cos(n )
0
n 2 2
cos n cos n
cos( x) cos x
since
0
n 2 2
2
bn f (t ) sin ntdt t sin ntdt
T 1
1
t cos nt
n
cos nt
dt
n
1
1
1
2 2
n
n
2 cos n sin n sin( n )
n
n 2 2
2 cos n
2(1) n 2(1) n 1
n
n
n
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2(1) n 1
sin nt
n
n 1
2
2
2
sin t
sin 2t
sin 3t
2
3
Example 3
2t , 0 t 2
Given v(t )
, 2t 4
0
v(t 4) v(t )
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
v (t)
2
0
T=4
We find that
T
2
10
12
2
a0 v(t )dt
T 0
(2 t )dt 0dt
1
1
t
(2 t )dt 2t
20
2
2
2
1
0
2
1
an v(t ) cos ntdt (2 t ) cos ntdt 0
T 0
20
2
1 (2 t ) sin nt
2
n
1 cos nt
0 2 2
2
n
1 sin nt
dt
2 0 n
0
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2n
n
n
n
2
1
bn v(t ) sin ntdt (2 t ) sin ntdt 0
T 0
20
2
1 (2 t ) cos nt
2
n
1 1 sin nt
2 2
n 2 n
1 cos nt
dt
2 0 n
0
2
1 sin 2n
1
2
2 2
n 2n
n n
since sin 2n sin n 0
Finally,
a0
v(t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
1 2[1 (1) n ] nt
2
nt
cos
sin
2 2
2 n 1
n
2 n
2
Symmetry Considerations
Symmetry functions:
(i) even symmetry
(ii) odd symmetry
Even symmetry
f (t ) t 2
t
f (t ) cos t
t
A
+A
even
Odd symmetry
f (t ) t
t
f (t ) sin t
+A
odd
(t )dt 0
Symmetry consideration
From the properties of even and odd
functions, we can show that:
T /2
f (t ) cos ntdt
bn 0
4
bn
T
T /2
f (t ) sin ntdt
0
2
T /2
2
4
an
f (t ) cos ntdt
T T / 2
T
T /2
T
2
T /2
2
f (t ) sin ntdt 0
f (t ) cos ntdt bn
T T / 2
(even) (even)
(even) (odd)
||
||
(even)
(odd)
2
T /2
2
a0
f (t )dt 0
T T / 2
(odd)
T /2
2
an
f (t ) cos ntdt 0
T T / 2
(odd) (even)
||
(odd)
T
2
T /2
2
4
bn
f (t ) sin ntdt
T T / 2
T
(odd) (odd)
||
(even)
T /2
f (t ) sin ntdt
0
Example 4
Given
1 , 2 t 1
f (t ) t , 1 t 1
1 ,
1 t 2
f (t 4) f (t )
Solution
The function is described by the following graph:
f (t)
1
6
T=4
We find that
T
2
2
a0 f (t )dt 0
T 2
and
2
2
an f (t ) cos ntdt 0
T 2
2
4
bn f (t ) sin ntdt f (t ) sin ntdt
T 2
T 0
4
t cos nt
cos nt
cos nt
dt
0
0
1
cos n sin nt
cos 2n cos n
2 2
n
n
n 0
cos 2n sin n
2 cos n
2 2
n
n
n
since sin 2n sin n 0
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
2 cos n
nt
sin
n
2
n 1
(1) n 1
nt
2
sin
n
2
n 1
Example 5
Compute the Fourier series expansion of f (t).
Solution
The function is described by
f (t )
1 , 0 t 1
2 , 1 t 2
T=3
1 , 2t 3
f (t 3) f (t )
and
2 2
T
3
T=3
2
4
a0 f (t )dt
T 0
T
3/ 2
4
4
3 8
f (t )dt 1dt 2dt (1 0) 2 1
3 0
2 3
1
3
1
3/ 2
Or, simply
3
2
2 Total area below graph 2
8
4
a0 f (t )dt
in a period
T 0
T
3
3
2
4
an f (t ) cos ntdt
T 0
T
3/ 2
f (t ) cos ntdt
0
4
1 cos ntdt 2 cos ntdt
3 0
1
4 sin nt
3 n
3/ 2
4 2 sin nt
3
n
3/ 2
4
3n
sin n 2 sin
sin n
3n
2
4
3n
sin n
2 sin
3
3n
2
2
2n
2
2n
sin
2 sin n sin
n
3
n
3
and bn 0
Finally,
a0
f (t ) (an cos nt bn sin nt )
2 n 1
4
2
2n
2nt
sin
cos
3 n 1 n
3
3
4 2 1
2 n
2nt
sin
cos
3 n 1 n
3
3
y=2
y=1
t
y=
y=1
y=
t2
Non-periodic
function
Periodic extension
f (t ) y (t ) , 0 t l
f (t l ) f (t )
y (t )
3l 2l l 0
T l
0
f (t )
y (t ) , 0 t l
f (t )
y (t ) , l t 0
f (t 2l ) f (t )
f (t )
y (t )
2l
3l
f odd (t )
0t l
y (t ) , l t 0
f (t 2l ) f (t )
T 2l
3l
2l
f even (t )
3l 2l l 0
T 2l
3l 2l l
0
T
2l
3l
f (t ) bn sin nt
n 1
Example 6
Compute the half-range Fourier sine series expansion
of f (t), where
f (t ) 1 , 0 t
Solution
Since we want to seek the half-range sine series,
the function to is extended to be an odd function:
f (t)
f (t)
1
0
1
T = 2
1
T
a0 a n 0
and
4
bn
T
T /2
4
f (t ) sin ntdt
1sin ntdt
2 0
2 cos nt
n
Therefore,
4 / n
2
(1 cos n )
n
0
2
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin nt
n 1 n
n odd
, n even
4
sin nt
n 1 n
n odd
Example 7
Determine the half-range cosine series expansion
of the function
f (t ) 2t 1 , 0 t 1
Solution
Since we want to seek the half-range cosine series,
the function to is extended to be an even function:
f (t)
f (t)
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
T=2
4
an
T
T /2
4
f (t ) cos ntdt (2t 1) cos ntdt
20
(2t 1) sin nt
2
sin nt
2
2dt
n
0
0
2 sin n
cos nt
4 2 2
n
n
4(cos n 1) 8 / n 2 2
2 2
n
0
, n odd
, n even
bn 0
Therefore,
f (t ) a0 an cos nt
n 1
8
8
0 2 2 cos nt 2
n
n 1
n odd
1
cos nt
2
n 1 n
n odd
Parsevals Theorem
f(t)
Pdc
Pavg
a0
2
=
Pa1
Pb1
a1 cos t
b1 sin t
+
Pa2
b2 2t
b2 sin
a2 cos 2t
V
P
2
R
2
V
1 peak
2 R
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
a0
a1 b1 a2 b2
2
2
2
2
2
Pavg
1 2 1 2
2
a0 (an bn )
4
2 n 1
yields
e e
cos x
2
jx
jx
and
e jx e jx
sin x
j2
a0 e jnt e jnt
an
2 n 1
2
a0
2 n 1
e jnt e jnt
bn
j2
e jnt e jnt
jbn
2
e
e
2
2
an jbn
cn
2
an jbn
c n
2
c0
cn
cn
n 1
n 1
n 1
n 1
c0 cn e jnt c n e jnt
c0 cn e jnt cn e jnt
n 1
jnt
jnt
c
e
c
e
n
n
0
jnt
c
e
n
f (t ) cos ntdt
f (t ) sin ntdt
2T 0
2T 0
1
T
f (t )e jnt dt
a0 1
c0
2 T
f (t )dt
an jbn
cn
2
an jbn
c n
2
or
1
cn
T
c n cn
f (t )e jnt dt
Example 8
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the following
function
f (t )
1
4
f(
t) =
e 2
Solution
Since T 2 , 1 . Hence
1
c0
T
f (t )dt
0
e dt
t
1 t
e
2
2
0
e 2 1
1
cn
T
f (t )e jnt dt
jn
e e
t jnt
(1 jn ) t
1
dt
2
(1 jn ) t
dt
e 2 (1 jn ) 1 e 2 e j 2 n 1
e 2 1
2 (1 jn)
2 (1 jn)
2 (1 jn)
since e j 2 n cos 2n j sin 2n 1 0 1
cn
n 0
e 1
e 1
c0
2 (1 jn) n 0
2
f (t )
c e
jnt
e 1 jnt
e
n 2 (1 jn )
cn
2 1 n 2
Example 9
Obtain the complex Fourier series of the function in
Example 1.
Solution
T
1
1
1
1
c0 f (t )dt 1dt
T 0
20
2
1
cn
T
f (t )e
jnt
1 e
2 jn
jnt
1
dt 1e jnt dt 0
20
1
j
jn
(e
1)
2 n
But
j
jn
Thus, cn
(e
1)
2n
j / n
j
n
[(1) 1]
0
2 n
n odd
, n even
f (t )
c e
jnt
1 j jnt
e
2 n n
n0
n odd
1
c0
2
, n odd
cn n
0, n even
0.5