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Philosophy

Sophia

Philos
(love)

(wisdom)

Philosophy
Origin: Greek

concerned with...
re

life
f
o
s
e
i
t
i
l
a

dee
pes
t de

sire
s

way of looking at things


s
e
i
r
e
t
uiry
s
q
y
n
i
l
a
m
c
i
g
g
o
l
in
d
l
o
f
n
u
answeri
disco
ng ques
verin
tions cri
g the
tically
gene
ral tr
uth
s
n
o
i
t
s
e
u
q
c
i
as
b
o
t
es
s
n
o
p
es
r
g
n
i
find

Mother of all Arts


&
Science of all Sciences
Philosophy deals with innate human power to
philosophize
ask questions
seek answers

Instincts
Biological
(primary)

Intellectual
(higher)

Philosophy (definitions)
Philosophy is an unceasing effort to discover the general
truth that lies behind particular facts to discern the reality that lies
behind appearances Raymant
Philosophy is a logical inquiry into the nature of reality Dr.
Radhakrishnan
Philosophy is the attempt to answer ultimate questions
critically Bertrand Russell

Philosophy
(systematic thinking)
Domains

Metaphysics
(Science of
Reality)
Essential features
of the universe
expressed (simple)

new disciplines
Physical
Sciences

Social
Sciences

Epistemology
(Theory of
Knowledge)

Axiology
(Theory of Values)

Nature of truth
Process of
knowing

Logic (Truth) satyam


Ethics (Goodness)
shivam
Aesthetics (Beauty)
sundaram

Metaphysics (Science of Reality)


MONISM
There is only one
reality
Everything is perceived
as various forms and
patterns are
manifestations of one
reality

DUALISM
Reality
Spirit x Matter
(basic qualities)

PLURALISM
Reality
Many qualities;
each entity is
unique (cannot be
equated on basis of
observable)

Metaphysics (Science of Reality)


IDEALISM

NATURALISM

PRAGMATISM

Reality is spiritual
and intellectual in
nature
(INDIVIDUAL
MINDS)

Reality is essentially
material/physical

Reality is ever
changing

What we experience

Ideas (believe
in)

SUPREME MIND

Limited to natural
world

Not absolute

True reality is the


creation of the mind

The unknown must


be discovered

Change with
circumstances

Metaphysics (Science of Reality)


Educational Implications
Deals with reality of man, world and thereafter. Metaphysical
altitude provides perspectives for aims and ideals of education
Concept of development of character- central aim of education
know thyself
be thyself
Concept of the world individuals relationships with society and
nature harmony between man and world international
institutions Vishwhabharti, Sri Aurobindos International
University

Metaphysics (Science of Reality)


Educational Implications (contd..)
Moral and religious education- concept of God (Metaphysical)
bearing on aims and ideals- means and plans
Metaphysical theories, naturalism, idealism, pragmatism,
realism- development of education

Epistemology
(Theory of Knowledge)
knowledge of ideas
and theories

knowledge of physical
world

stress on
reasoning and
intuition

empirical observation

knowledge that
is useful
basis - human
experience

reasoning based on
facts
circumstantial
NATURE
storehouse of appropriate
responses

Lead to
successful
actions

Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge)Educational Implications


Nature of truth (What we know)
Process of knowing (How we know)
Issues

What can be known?

What are the errors in our method of knowing?

What is ignorance?

How do we assimilate knowledge?

Are there some valid criteria for discerning the truth?


Processes, methods, characteristics, conditions, validity and fallacies
of knowledge

Axiology (Theory of Values)


LOGIC (Truth)
resolves doubts
reasoning
generalizations
points out fallacies

ETHICS (Goodness)

conclusive evidence

IDEALISM - Ultimate
set of values/
principles
NATURALISM Reject values
PRAGMATISM reject values
VALUES - subjective
and relative

IDEALISM rule to
examples - deductive
approach
particular - general
NATURALISM - examples
to rule - inductive approach
general particular
PRAGMATISM- partial
evidence

science of character
human conduct
desired behaviour

AESTHETICS
(Beauty)
human nature
objectify
insights/feelings
into artistic object
literary & artistic
culture
dignity
grace

Axiology (Theory of Values)


Educational Implications
Logic (Science of Truth)
Intellectual process thinking, reasoning, judgment. (induction and
deduction)
Correct generalizations points out fallacies.
Teachers Methodology of Communication- logical

Axiology (Theory of Values)


Educational Implications
Ethics (Science of Goodness)
Character building- Aim of education (ethical consciousness)
Examines theories- arrives at ethical conclusions
Application of moral principles in life
Value perspectives- education

Axiology (Theory of Values)


Educational Implications
Aesthetics (Science of beauty)
all round development (Aim of Education)
Literature and Art significant contribution to education

Models of Teaching
The Impression Model
simple
most widespread
learner accumulates basic elements from environment
(not self-generated)

Models of Teaching
The Impression Model (contd..)

input from experiences


sensations / reflections
generalizations

retained (mind)
tabula rasa

John Locke
(1632- 1704)

Models of Teaching
The Insight Model
matter of vision
insight (crucial)
Understanding
Applying
Plato
St. Augustine
first hand inspection of realities
(students-own effort)

Plato (428- 348 BC)

Models of Teaching
The Insight Model (Shortcomings)
no importance to principles, concepts, reasons
reasoning
personal matter
momentary

Models of Teaching
The Rule Model
matter of reasoning
abiding by principles or
general rules

justice to evidence
cognitive judgment/ thinking
the power to innovate
rational dialogue
critical reflection

Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804)

Models of Philosophy

Models of Education

Impressionist Model

Education as Acquisition

Insight Model

Education as Manifestation

Rule Model

Education as Transaction

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