BY :

ARIS SADANA, DEWA PUTU (IXE/04)

ARISTA DEVI, NI PUTU
(IXE/05)
CARLA DIAN MARTHA
(IXE/08)
MAHARDIKA, I GEDE
(IXE/19)

THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE

ADAPTATION

REPRODUCTION

ways

MORPHOLOGICAL
ASEXUAL
types

NATURAL SELECTION

SEXUAL

Decreasing Number
Of members

PHYSIOLOGICAL
VEGETATIVE

Increasing Number
Of members

GENERATIVE

BEHAVIORAL

EXTINCT

SURVIVE

BASIC COMPETENCE
After learning this chapter, you will be able to
explain the relationship of adaptation method
with particular characteristics owned by
animals and plants, predict extinction of
several kinds of organism as the effect of
natural selection, mention examples of
animals and plants that are almost extinct,
explain the role of rreproduction for life
existence, also explain relationship between
behaviour of certain animal in environtment
with its survival.

KEY WORDS

Survival
Morphological Adaptation
Physiological Adaptation
Behavioral Adaptation
Adaptation
Natural Selection
Reproduction
Vegetative Reproduction
Generative Reproduction

DEFINITION
Adaptation is a process to fit the
changes in the surrounding environment.
In broad outline, adaptation process
done by organism is separated into 3
kind, they are morphological adaptation,
physiological adaptation, and behavioral
adaptation.

1. Morphological adaptation
Morphological Adaptation is adjustment
of body shape or body organs to the
surrounding so it can be can seen from
outside

Morphological Adaptation in
Animal
The example of morphological adaptation
found in animals is morphological adaptation in
birds beak, in birds foot, and in insect mouth.

Morphological adaptation in Birds

Beak

The following are several shape of birds

beak and the kinds of food

The beak of duck is adjusted so it can hold

tightly it slippery food also filter its food from
mud. Its shape of beak is big and wide
The beak of an eagle is adjusted its food of
meat. The shape of its beak is curved, sharp
The beak of parrot is adjusted to the kinds of
their seed. The shape of its beak is curved, sharp,
and short.
The beak of colibri is small, sharp, and long
adjusted suck its food of honey

Morphological Adaptation in
Birds Foot
The shape of a birds foot is adjusted to its living
method and food.
The foot of swimmer bird has gaps between its finger,
swimming membrane. Ex, in duck, swans, and pelican
The foot of climbing has 4 fingers with two forward
finger sand backwards and has ability to perch
straight on a tree. Ex, woodpecker
The foot of wild bird has foot with short fingers, nails
curving sharply, and strong claws that function to grip
its prey or meat. Ex, hawk and owl

The Adaptation of Insects Mouth

Based on its kind of food, insects mouth
is divided into 4 types as follow.
Mouth type to
cricket, ant.
Mouth type to
Mouth type to
mosquito.
Mouth type to
and fly.

bite. Example, cockroach,

suck. Example, butterfly.
stick and suck. Example,
lick and suck. Example, bee

Morphological
Adaptation
in
plants
Plants have different living places. In the different living places, the

condition of
surrounding is also different, so it cause different morphological adaptation.
The examples of Morphological Adaptation in plants are :
1) Hydrophytes
Hydrophytes are plants growing in water or in submerged soil. The plants
can be
ferns and angiosperm such as water hyacinth and mangrove. Some
characteristics
of hydrophytes are :
-Thin cuticles
-Many open stomata on both leaf surface.
-Flexible structure due water pressure support.
-Flat leaf to float on the water surface.
-Air bags to float.
-Smaller root to ease water diffusion into leaves.
-Specific root to absorb water.

2) Xerophytes
Xerophytes are plants growing in dry
environment with low water and high
evaporation such as cactus.
Some characteristics of xerophytes are :
-Long roots to reach water sources.
-Small leaves with few stomata
usually covered with tiny
hairs to reduce transpiration.
-Water tissue in the stem to reserve
water.

2. Physiological Adaptation
Physiological adaptation is an adaptation of body work
function as a response to changes of occurring in the
environment. Some examples of physiological adaptation
are as follow:
a. Plants roll or incline their leaves to reduce
transpiration. Petai Cina ( Leucaena glauca) plant inclines
its leaves in a hot or dry condition.
b. In cold air, human blood vessel under the skin will
shrink to save energy and reduce heat loss. On the other
hand, in hot air human perspire more to accelerates heat
loss.

3. BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Behavioral adaptation is a process to adjust the
environmental changes by changing the behavior.
Some examples of behavioral adaptation are :
- Desert lizard lift their left and right legs intern in
order to reduce contact with hot desert surface.
- Desert rats and snakes dig holes to avoid the
heat of sunlight.
- Cat sleeps by curling each body when the
weather is cold. When its hot cat sleeps by
stretching its body.

NATURAL SELECTION
Natural Selection is a choosing or selection by nature to
individuals having adaptive characteristics to certain
environment. Natural selection lasting for a long time can
cause the species composition changes.
Natural selection can occur among living organisms (biotic
environment). In order to get natural resources there are
competition, predation and parasitism among living
organisms.
Competition can also occur among individuals in one species
(intraspecific) or from different species (interspecific).
The environment also selects the organisms living in through
climate, temperature and light intensity.
Darwin, a biologist, mentioned three requirements for
natural selection to occur, those are:
1. The occurrence of variation and competition among
species members (intraspecific)
2. Adaptive members reproduce more offspring
3. The next generations gradually have better adaption
ability to the environment

 Natural selection lasting for a long time can

cause the species composition changes. For
example, the natural selection occurs in moth
(Biston Betularia).
The result of natural selection are also shown
by various beak shapes of finch birds living in
Galapagos islands.

Animal that are almost extinct

Javanese Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

Sumatranese Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatraensis)
Balinese Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi)
Komodo Dragon (Varanus commodoensis)

Plants that are almost extinct

Yellow Sandal Wood (Santalum album)
Ebony Tree (Diospyros celbiea)
Rafflesia Flower ( Rafflesia arnoldi)

Reproduction of Organisms
Reproduction is the ability of an organism
to produce new individual that has
property equal to its parent.
Reproduction method divided into 2 they
are:
Vegetative Reproduction (asexual
reproduction)
Generative Reproduction (sexual
reproduction)

VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION
Vegetative reproduction is reproduction that
only involves one parents, so new organism is
produced without fusion of male gamete with
female gamete.
Vegetative reproduction happen in low animals
and plants.
Vegetative reproduction can happen by 3
methods, they are fission, budding, and spore
production.

a.

Fission
- Reproduction by self division commonly
happens in one called organism (unicellular),
for example in protozoa, bacteria, blue alga.
b. Budding
- Budding Reproduction with bud commonly
is done by plans , such as banana, ginger,
etc. the reproduction by bud is done also by
yeast (unicellular fungus) and Hydra.
c. Spore
- Spore is a cell that changes its function to
be reproductive organ so, every spore can
grow to be new individual. Reproduction by
spore commonly happens in plants, that is
moss plant and fern. Besides, reproduction
by spore is also done by fungi (mushroom
and testaceam).

spore

budding

rhizome

fission

GENERATIVE REPRODUCTION
Generative reproduction is reproduction that involves
two parents, so the formation of new individual begins
with fusion of male gamete and female gamete.
The kind of generative reproduction in plants are :
1) Anemogamy is pollination assisted by wind. Plants
whose pollination
is assisted by wind such as, corn and grass.
2) Hidrogamy is pollination assisted by water. Plants
whose pollination
is assisted by water are plants, such as water fern.
3) Zoidiogamy is pollination assisted by animal.

Keterangan :
Penyerbukan sendiri : 2, 4, 6
Penyerbukan serumah : 3
Penyerbukan silang : 5
Penyerbukan bastar : 7

anemogamy
zoidiogamy

Pollination can be classified on the bassis of the

origin of the pollens.
a. Autogamy, in which pollens come from the
same flower.
b. Geitonogamy, in which pollens come from
othyer flower in the
same plant.
c. Allogamy, in which a pollens come from other
flower from other
plant but the same species.
d. Hybrid, in which pollens come from flower of
different species.

The kind of generative reproduction in animals are :

1) Having separate sexual organ, i.e. Male and
female. Although, some animals have both
sexual organs (hermaprodhite), such as jellyfish
and worm.
2) Conducting internal ferlilization e.g mammals and
external fertilization e.g fish and frog.
3) Looking after their embryos in three diffrent ways
:
a. Vivipary : the embryo develops inside the
mothers womb, gets food from the mother
and then being born, such as buffalo.
b. Ovipary : the embryo is protected by a shell
(egg), then its laid and hatched outside the
mothers body, such as bird.
c. Ovovivipary : the embryo develops inside the
mothers body, but it dosnt get food from the
mother, such as platypus and shark.

ovipar

vivipar

ovovivipar