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MEASUREMENT
Group members
KALAICHELVI M/SUPPAYA
INTRODUCTION
LIQUID MANOMETER
DEFINITION
Pabs=Pgage +Patm
Units of Pressure
depending on their
suitability for the
application.
atmosphere (atm)
bar (b)
hectopascal (hPa)
kilogram per sq. cm (kgf/cm)
kilogram per sq. meter (kgf/m)
kilopascal (kPa)
millibar
millimeter of mercury (mmHg)
pascal (Pa)
pounds per square foot (psf
pounds per square inch (psi)
torr (Torr)
Pressure Measurement
methods::
ABSOLUTE
METHOD
S
DIFFERENTIAL
GAUGE
ZERO REFERENCE
Pabs=Pgage + Patm
Gauge pressureis zero-referenced against ambient air pressure,
so
Pgage=Pabs-Patm
Absolute
pressure
is zero referenced
against a perfect
vacuum (it-the
value-is equal to
gauge pressure plus
atmospheric
pressure).
Gauge
pressure
is zero referenced
against ambient air
pressure; it-the
value-is equal to
absolute pressure
minus atmospheric
pressure. Negative
signs are usually
omitted; often
expressed as
inches of vacuum
or some such
Differential
pressure
is the difference in
pressure between two
points.
1.
2.
PRESSURE SENSORS
Pressure sensors can be classified in terms of::
pressure ranges they measure,
temperature ranges of operation,
the type of pressure they measure.
Pressure sensors are variously named
according to their purpose,
but the same technology may be used under
different names.
EXAMPLE:
A tire pressure gauge is an example of gauge
pressure measurement; when it indicates zero,
then the pressure it is measuring is the same as
the ambient pressure
As well as::
Below 1 mm of Hg
Manometers & low pressure gauges
Type of pressure to be
measured
Pressure Measuring
instrument to be used
Low pressure
Manometer
Manometers basics
Characterized
by its
inherent accuracy and
simplicity of operation.
The mercury
manometer,
another
calibration
option for
pressure
sensors,
can be used on
gauge,
differential, and
absolute
sensors with a
suitable
reference.
Manometer.
The difference
between column
heights gives the
pressure reading.
Manometers are
used mainly to
calibrate sensors
designed to
measure in the
lower pressure
ranges.
LIQUID COLUMN
MANOMETERS
Principle:
P2-P1=h g
h=height difference
=mass density of manometer liquid
2)If the fluid over manometer liquid has appreciable density, then
static balance equation can be written as:
P2-P1= h (m - l) g
h= height difference
m = mass density of manometric liquid
l = mass density of fluid over manometric liquid
Sensitivity of
the manometer
increases
Pressure Sensing
ELASTIC PRESSURE
SENSORS
Elastic pressure sensors are so called:
because something
flexes,
stretches,
or temporarily deforms
when a pressure is applied.
Elastic
pressure
sensors
. initially
convert
pressure into a
displacement
Elastic pressure
sensors measure
pressure
differentially.
This allows
displacement
sensors to be
used to
condition the
output signal
from the
pressure sensor.
ELASTIC
PRESSURE
SENSORS
Some pressure
sensors are
referred to by
the method they
use to measure
this
displacement,
such as
piezoelectri
c and
capacitive
pressure
sensors.
Where
electronic
displacemen
t sensors are
used,
Sensing Elements
The main types of sensing elements are
Bourdon tubes,
diaphragms,
capsules, and
bellows .
bellows
diaphragms
Bourdon
tubes
Mechanical Pressure
Gauges.
commonly
attached to regulators on
gas cylinders),
Advantages :
Bourdon tube
gauges with
stainless steel
bayonet ring cases
are well sealed
and show a high
chemical resistance
Disadvantages :
The
fundamental
problem is
that the actual
atmospheric
(barometric)
pressure
directly affects
the reading.
Since weather
conditions can
change the local
barometric
pressure by
several percent
(1 percent = 7.6
Torr)
BELLOWS
Function : deliver
pressurized air in a
controlled quantity to a
controlled location.
spring-loaded
Principle
mechanism
Application
It is used to measure
absolute & differential
pressure.
It is used to measure
low or medium
pressure range.
ADVANTAGES
It is not useful to
measure high value
pressure.
DISADVANTAGES
Ionization gauge
Electronic pressure sensors
most sensitive gauges for very low
pressures.
sense pressure indirectly by measuring the
electrical ions produced when the gas is
bombarded with electrons.
device that is used tomeasure vacuum.
come in two types: hotcathodeand cold
cathode.
HIG
CIG
caused by a circulating electron
plasma trapped in crossed
electric and magnetic fields.
At pressures below10-2Torr,
the mean free path of the gas
is so large that a collision may
not occur at all so that
discharge is not sustained or
ionization may not be initiated.
This problem can be
eliminated by a collimating
magnetic field.
The collimating magnetic field
increases the path length for
the electrons, enabling
discharges possible at
pressures down to about10 5Torr.
Basic Principle
A conducting wire gets heated when electric current
flows through it.
The rate at which heat is dissipated from this wire
depends on the conductivity of the surrounding media.
The conductivity of the surrounding media inturn
depends on the densisty of the surrounding media
(that is, lower pressure of the surrounding media,
lower will be its density).
If the density of the surrounding media is low, its
conductivity also will be low causing the wire to
become hotter for a given current flow, and vice versa.
WORKING
OPERATION
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
Application
Pressure measurement in roughing pumping
system
Pressure monitoring in various vacuum
pumping system
Interlocks, sequencing, and other control
system related functions for practical
vacuum equipment.
THERMOCOUPLE VACUUM
GAUGE
What is thermocouple
Principle of operation
The working of a thermocouple type
vacuum gauge is very similar to that of a
pirani gauge.
The only difference is that the hot wire
temperature is measured directly with a
thermocouple which is attached to a wire.
For different pressures, the temperature is
measured by the fine-wire thermocouple.
The sensitivity of this instrument depends
on the pressure and the wire current.
Working operation
Employs a heater and dissimilar metal
elements in a bonded junction to detect a
temperature change.
As the pressure in the sensor tube decreases,
a rise in temperature occurs since less gas is
present to dissipate the heater's energy.
The thermocouple senses the temperature
change and a temperature dependent output is
produced.
This output is used to drive a micrometer
scaled in pressure units.
APPLICATION
Refrigerator
Cryogenics / Vacuum Insulator
Air Conditioning
Freeze Drying
Transformer Oil Refill
Pharmaceutical
ADVANTAGES
Reliable
Stable Calibration