BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF

ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION
III

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

FORMWORK

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

INTRODUCTION
The form work or shuttering is a
temporary ancillary construction used
as a mould for the structure, in which
concrete is placed and in which it
hardens and matures.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Forms are classified as wooden,

plywood, steel, combined woodsteel, reinforced concrete and plain
concrete.
Timber is the most common
material used for form work.
Steel shuttering is used for major
work where every thing is
mechanized.
Steel form work is made up of
steel sheet
Angle Iron
Tee Iron
Wooden form work consists of
Props
Planks battens
Ledgers
sheeting

Steel formwork

wooden formwork

Formwork for Wall

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

It consists of
Timber sheeting
Vertical posts
Horizontal members
Rakers
Stakes
Wedges
After completing one side
of formwork reinforcement
is provided at the place then
the second side formwork is
provided.

FORMWORK

Formwork for Column

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

It consists of the
following
Side & End Planks
Yoke
Nut & Bolts
Two end & two side
planks are joined by
the yokes and bolts.

FORMWORK

Formwork for Slabs & beams:

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

It consists of
Sole plates
Wedges
Props
Head tree
Planks
Batten
Ledgers
Beam formwork rests on head tree
Slab form work rests on battens and
joists
If prop height are more than 8
provide horizontal braces

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Lintel or beam formwork

Formwork for stairs

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

It consists of
Vertical & inclined posts
Inclined members
Wooden Planks or
sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

REQUIREMENTS
A good form work should satisfy the following requirements:
The material of form work should be cheap and it should be suitable for reuse
several time.
It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from
concrete. Also its shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
It should be strong enough to withstand all loads coming on it, such as dead load
of concrete and live load during its pouring, compaction and curing.
It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum.
It should be as light as possible.
The surface of the form work should be smooth, and it should afford easy
stripping.
All joints of the form work should be stiff so that lateral deformation under loads
is minimum. Also, these joints should be leak proof.
The form work should rest on non-yielding supports.

FORMWORK

TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Time of removal of formwork depends on the following

factors:
1. Type of cement
rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared to
OPC.
2. Ratio of concrete mix
rich concrete ratio gain strength earlier as compared to weak
ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition
hydration process accelerates in hot weather condition as
compared to cold and humid weather conditions.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

TIME OF REMOVAL OF
FORMWORK

FORMWORK

Difference between steel and wood

Requirements
Steel

Wood

It can be put to high number of uses.

It cant be put to high number of use

It provides ease of stripping.

Stripping is comparatively difficult.

It is non absorbent.

Can be absorbent.

It ensures an even and smooth

concrete surface .

Less even and smooth surface than

steel formwork

Types of
shoring

It possesses greater rigidity.

Rigidity is less than steel.

Underpinning

It is not liable to shrinkage or

distortion.

Possibility of warping , swelling and

shrinkage.

steel formwork is comparatively more

costly.

Less costlier than steel formwork

Removal time
Difference
between
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring

Types of
method

FORMWORK

Scaffolding

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

When the height of the wall or column

or other structural member of a building
exceeds about 1.5m, temporary
structures are needed to support the
platform over which the workmen can
sit and carry on the constructions.
These temporary structures, constructed
very close to the wall, is in the form of
timber or steel framework, commonly
called scaffolding.
Such scaffolding is also needed for the
repair or demolition of a building.

Components of Scaffolding:
FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Standards: The vertical members of the framework, supported on the ground or drums, or
embedded into the ground.
Ledgers: These are horizontal members,
running parallel to the wall.
Braces: The diagonal members fixed on
standards.
Put logs: the transverse members placed at
right angles to the wall with one end supported
on ledgers and other end on the wall.
Transoms: The putlogs whose both ends are
supported on ledgers.
Bridle: The member which is used to bridge a wall
opening ; supports one end of putlog at the
opening.
Boarding: these are horizontal platform to support
workmen and material; these are supported on the

Types of Scaffolding:

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Single scaffolding.
Double scaffolding.
Cantilever scaffolding.
Suspended scaffolding.
Trestle scaffolding.
Steel scaffolding.
Patented scaffolding.

1. Single scaffolding(brick layers scaffolding)

FORMWORK

This consists of a single frame work of

standards, ledgers, putlogs etc.,
Requirements
constructed parallel to the wall at a
Removal time
distance of about 1.20 m interval.
Advantages &
Disadvantage Ledgers connect the standard, and are
provided at a vertical interval of 1.2 to
Scaffolding
1.5 m.
Components of
Putlogs are placed with one end on the
scaffolding
Types of
ledgers and other end in the hole left in
scaffolding
the wall, at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5m.
Shoring
Guards, boarding and other members are
Types of
placed as shown in figure
shoring
Such a scaffolding is commonly used for
Underpinning
brick laying, and is also called putlog
Types of
scaffolding.
method

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

2. Double or masons Scaffolding

In stone masonary, it is very difficult to
provide holes in the wall to support putlogs
In that case, a more strong scaffolding is
used consisting of two rows of scaffolding.
Each row thus forms a separate vertical
frame work.
The first row is placed at 20 to 30 cm away
from the wall, while the other frame work
is placed at 1 m distance from the first one.
Putlogs are then supported in both the
frames. Rakers and cross-braces are
provided to make the scaffolding more
strong and stable.
Such a scaffolding is also called
independent scaffolding.

FORMWORK

3.CANTILEVER OR NEEDLE SCAFFOLDING

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

I. Ground is weak to support standards.

II. Construction of upper-part of the wall
is to be carried out
III. It is required to keep the ground, near
wall, free for traffic etc. the
scaffolding may be single type (putlog
scaffolding), as shown in figure.
IV. The standards are supported on series
of needles taken out though opening
or through holes in the wall.
V. The needles or projecting beams are
strutted inside the floors,through the
openings.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

4.SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING
Light weight scaffolding used for repair works such as pointing, painting etc.
The working platform is suspended form roofs by means of wire ropes or chains
etc.
The platform can be raised or lowered at any desired level.

5. TRESTLE SCAFFOLDING
Such type of scaffolding is used for painting and repair works
inside the room, up to a height of 5m. The working platform is
supported on the top of movable contrivances such as tripods,
ladders etc. mounted on wheels.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

6.STEEL SCAFFOLDING
A steel scaffolding is practically
similar to timber to timber
scaffolding except that wooden
members are replaced by steel
tubes and rope lashings are
replaced by steel couplets or
fittings.
It has greater strength , greater
durability and higher fire
resistance . Its initial cost is more
but its salvage value is higher .
It is extensively used these days.
Figure shows steel scaffolding
both for brick wall as well as stone
wall.

FORMWORK

7. Patented scaffolding

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Many patented scaffolding, made of steel, are available in

the market.
These scaffolding are equipped with special coupling,
frames etc.
The working platform is supported in brackets which can
be adjust at any suitable height.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

SHORING
Shoring is the construction of a temporary structure to support temporarily an

unsafe structure. These render lateral support to wall and are used under the
following circumstances :
(1) When a all shows signs of bulging out due to bad workmanship.
(2) when a wall cracks due to unequal settlement of foundation ,and the crack wall
needs repairs.
(3) When an adjacent structure is to be dismantled.
(4) when openings are to be made or enlarged in the wall.

Shores may be of the following type :1.

2.
3.

Ranking shores
Flying shores
Dead shores

FORMWORK

Raking shores

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

In this method , inclined members, called

rakers are used to give lateral support to
the wall , as shown in figure.
The wall plate, about 20 to 25 cm wide and
to 5 to 7.5cm thick is placed vertically
along the face of the wall and is secured by
means of needles of10cm *7.5cm .
The needles are further strengthened by
mean of cleat which are nailed directly to
the wall plate.
Rankers abut against the needles in such
way that the centre line of the rakers and
wall meet as same level
There will be one rakers corresponding to
each floor
The feet of rakers are connected to an
inclined sole plate ,embedded into the
ground by means of iron dogs.

A raking shore consists of the following

components :-

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Rakers or inclined members

Wall plate
Needles
Cleats
Bracing
Sole plate

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Following points are note worthy

1. Rakers should be inclined to the ground by 45 to make them more effective
.however in practise, the angle may vary from 45 to 75 top raker should not be
inclined steeper than 75.
2. for tall buildings, the length of raker can be reduced by introducing rider raker.
3. Rakers should be properly braced at intervals.
4. The size of raker should be decided on the basis of anticipated thrust from the wall.
5. The centre line of a raker and the wall should meet at floor level.
6. If longer length of the wall needs support ,shoring may be spaced at 3 to 4.5 in
spacing , depending upon the requirement.
7. The sole plate should be properly embedded into the ground, at inclination ,and
should be of proper section.
8. Wedges should not be used on sole plates since they are likely to give under
vibrations which are likely to occur.

FORMWORK

FLYING OR HORIZONTAL SHORES

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Such shores are used to give horizontal

support to two adjacent , parallel partition
wall which have become unsafe due to
removal or collapse of the intermediate
building .
All types of arrangement of supporting the
unsafe structure in which the shores do not
reach to ground fall under this category .
If the wall are quite near to each other, single
flying shore can be constructed .
When the distance between the walls is more
a compound or double flying shore may be
provide.
Flying shore have the advantage that
building operations of the ground are not
obstructed.

Flying shores consists parts:

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Wall plate
Needles
Cleats
Struts
Horizontal shores
Straining pieces
Folding wedges

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Point kept in mind while erecting the flying

shores :1. The centre lines of flying shores an struts an those of the wall should meet at floor levels of
the two buildings.
2. If the floor levels are different , the horizontal shore should be placed either mid way
between levels of the two floor of equal strength ,or it should placed at the level of weaker
floor.
3. The struts should preferably be inclined at 45 . In no case should this inclination exceed 60
4. Single shores should be used only upto 9 m distance between wall. For greater distance
,double shores should be provided.
4. the flying shores be spaced at 3 to 4.5 m centre, along the two wall ,and horizontal braces
should be introduced between adjacent shores.
5. Large factor of safety should be used for determining sections of various members of the
shoring, since it is very difficult to assess the actual loads.
6. Flying shores are inserted when the old building is being removed , and should be kept in
position till the new unit is constructed.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

DEAD OR VERTICAL SHORES

Such type of shoring consists of vertical
members known as dead shores supporting
horizontal members known as needle.
The needle transfer the load of the wall etc. to
the dead shores. Such shoring is provided to
serve the following purpose :
1. To rebuild the defective lower part of the
wall.
2. To rebuild or deepen the existing foundation.
3. To make large opening in the existing wall at
lower level.


FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Holes are made in the wall at suitable height. Needles, which are
made of thick wooden section or of steel, are inserted in holes.
Each needle is supported at its two ends by vertical posts or dead
shores. The dead shores stands away from the walls so that repair
work is not obstructed. The shores are supported on sole plates
and folding wedges.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

The following points are note worthy :

1. The section of needle and dead shores should be adequate to transfer the load,
which can estimated with fair degree of accuracy.
2. The needle are spaced at 1 to 2 meters. A minimum of three needles should be used
for an opening.
3. the needle should be suitably braced.
4. If the opening is made in an external wall, the length of outer dead shores will be
greater than the inner ones.
5. The dead shores are supported an sole plates. Folding wedges should be inserted
between the two. It is preferable to use one single sole plate between dead shores in
a row.
6. The floor should be suitably supported from inside.
7. If the external wall is weak, ranking shores may be provide, in addition to the dead
shores.
8. Shores should be removed only when the new work has gained sufficient strength.
But in no case earlier than 7 days of the completion of new work. The new work
should have proper strutting.
9. The sequence of removal should be : (1) needles (2) strutting from opening (3)
floor strutting inside (4) raking shores if any. An interval of 2 days should be
allowed between each one of these removal operations.

UNDERPINNING

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding

1.
2.
3.

Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

4.
.
1.
3.

The process of placing a new foundation under an existing one or

strengthening an existing foundation is called underpinning of
foundation.
Underpinning may be required to serve the following purpose:
To strengthen the shallow foundation of existing building when a
building with deep foundation is to be constructed adjoining it.
To strengthen existing foundation which has settled and caused cracks
in the wall.
To deepen the existing foundation (resting on poor strata) so as to rest it
on deeper soil strata of higher bearing power.
To construct a basement in the existing building .
Underpinning can be carried out by the following methods:
Pit method
2. Pile method
Chemical method
4. Other method

1.PIT METHOD
FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage

Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

In this method, the entire length of the

foundation to be underpinned is divided
into sections of 1.2 to 1.5 m lengths.
One section is taken up at a time.
Foe each section, a hole is made in the
wall, above the plinth level, and needle
is inserted in the hole.
Needles may be either of stout timber or
steel section.
Bearing plates are placed above the
needle to support the masonary above it.
Needle is supported on either side of the
wall on crib supports (wooden blocks)
and crew jacks.
The foundation pit is then excavated up
to the desired level and new foundation
is laid.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

When the work of one section is over,

work on next to next section is taken
up, i.e. alternate sections are
underpinned in the first round, and then
the remaining sections are taken up.
Figure shows the section. If the wall to
be underpinned is weak, raking shores
may be provided.
Similarly, the floors may also be
supported, if required.
If an interior strong column exists, or if
the foundation is to be extended only to
one side, cantilever needle beams may
be used in the place of central needle
beam, as shown in figure
Jack is placed between the column and
the wall.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

The following points are note-worthy in the pit method :

1. Alternate sections are taken up in the first round. The remaining sections
are then taken up. Only one section should be taken up at a tikme.
2. If the wall is long,the work is started from the middle,and is extended in
both the directions .
4. If the new foundation is deeper , proper timbering of the foundation trench
may be done. The needle beam etc. should be removed only when the new
foundation has gained strength.
5. It is desirable to do the new foundation work in concrete.
6. The needle holes etc. should be closed in masonry using cement mortar.

2.PILE METHOD

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

Piles are driven at regular interval

along both the sides of the wall.
Generally, bore hole piles or underreamed piles may be used.
The piles are connected by concrete or
steel needles, penetrating though the
wall.

These beam incidentally act as pile

caps also.
This method is very much useful in
clayey soils, and also in water-logged
areas.
The existing foundation is very much
relieved of the load.

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

3.Chemical method
In this method the foundation soil is consolidated by employing
chemicals.
Perforated pipes are driven in an inclined direction beneath the
foundation . The slopes are provided such that the entire area under
the existing footing comes under the area used to be strengthened.
After the pipes are installed, solution of sodium silicate in water is
injected through the pipes. This is a two-injection method. The pipes
are withdrawn and at the time of withdrawal of pipes, calcium or
magnesium chloride is injected through pipes.
Chemical reaction takes place between these two chemicals and the
soil is strengthened by consolidation. This method is suitable for
granular soils

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method

4. Other method
Other methods are cement grouting, freezing,
vibrofloatation, etc.

Grouting : Sinkhole Underpinning is a method of

sinkhole repair where foundation supports called piers
are placed all the way around the perimeter of the
property (and sometimes inside too!) to support the load
bearing components of the house. With these steel piers,
houses can be raised back where elevations have dropped
and structures can be re leveled. The best way to imagine
this process is to think of a beach house, only all the steel
piers are under the ground (and much deeper).

Vibrofloatation : In this method the underpinning is

carried out by vibrating the sand and thereby increasing
its density which ultimately results in the increase of
bearing capacity of soil. This method is useful for
granular or sandy soil.

Strutting

FORMWORK

Requirements
Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method
Strutting

Strutting system are adopted when

additional restraints is required to
control the earth retaining wall
movement or deflection.
There are mainly 2 common types of
strutting systems:
1. Horizontal strutting system and
2.

Incline/raker strutting system.

FORMWORK

Requirements

Types of Strutting

Removal time
Advantages &
Disadvantage
Scaffolding
Components of
scaffolding
Types of
scaffolding
Shoring
Types of
shoring
Underpinning
Types of
method
Strutting

Solid
Strutting

Herring- bone