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Basic Concepts in Rotating Machines

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Introduction
Elementary Machines
Generated EMF
MMF of Distributed AC Winding
Rotating Magnetic Field
Torque in Round Rotor Machines
Operation of Basic Machine Type
Magnetic Leakage in Rotating Machines
Losses and Efficiency
Rating and Loss Dissipation
Matching Characteristic of Electric Machine
and Load

Introduction

Electromechanical Energy conversion takes place whenever a change in


flux is associated with mechanical motion.
Voltage is generated in a coil when there is relative motion between coil
and the magnetic field.
Field Winding is used for setting up magnetic field in the machine.
Armature Winding are the coils in which EMF is induced. These coils are
arranged in series & parallel combination so as to achieve desired ratings.
Stator is stationary part of the machine.
Rotor is rotating part of the machine.
The field winding and armature winding are appropriately positioned on a
common magnetic circuit composed of two parts stator (stationary parts)
and rotor (rotating part)
Machines can be classified as Motor or Generator depending upon whether
it is consuming power or delivering the power.
Any of the two windings (Field & Armature) can be placed on rotor or
stator.

Construction

Introduction

Elementary Machines

AC Machines
How flux is setup in the air gap of machine?
What is the wave shape of this flux?
Consider a Synchronous GeneratorThe generator rotor has a salient pole type rotor and field winding is found
on it. Consider it as concentrated winding.

Elementary Machines

The field current (DC) is fed to the field winding by means of slip rings. This
current setup magnetic field in the air gap. One end of salient pole
construction becomes North Pole and the other becomes South Pole. Flux lines
originated from North Pole enters the air gap and then after passing through
the stator core (zero reluctance path) it again enters back in the south pole.
Flux is maximum along the magnetic axis and minimum along the inter polar
axis.

If the shape of shoe of the pole is such that the air gap is uniform then along
the pole shoe periphery flux remain almost constant in this region.
If the rotor is rotating at a speed w rad/s and let us try to understand how
the magnetic field varies with time at a particular point in the air gap.

Elementary Machines

The value of flux density in the air gap along the stator periphery changes
sinusoidal with rotation of the rotor. The resulted flat topped flux density
wave is shown in fig-3.
As we desire to achieve sinusoidal wave shape for induced EMF, the flux
density wave should be sinusoidal in nature.

Sinusoidal wave shape for flux density can be achieved by Chamfering of


pole shoe or placing distributed field winding on cylindrical type rotor.
EMF is induced in the armature winding by the rule e=Blv
Relationship between Electrical Radians and Mechanical Radians

Elementary Machines

In a P-Pole machine, one cycle of alternating EMF is generated in


each coil as one pole pair of the rotor poles glide past the stator.
Thus for one complete revolution of the rotor P/2 cycles of EMF
are generated in the coil.

If two coils are placed at two different spare locations in stator,


then the induced EMF in both the coils shall have time phase
difference corresponding to their electrical space displacement.
This concept is utilized for generation of three phase voltages.
In a 3-phase machines coils are placed at 120electrical degrees
out of phase.

Elementary Machines

DC Machines
In a DC generator field winding is placed on stator where as armature
winding is placed on the rotor.
Fig-4 shows an elementary DC machine with single coil rotating armature.
It may be

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