SOCIAL

STRATIFICATION
CLASS
RACE
ETHNICITY
GENDER
SEX

ETHNICITY

refers to a shared culture and way of life. This can

be reflected in language, religion, material culture
such as clothing and food, and cultural products
such as music and art.

ETHNIC GROUP
a

community or a population made up of people

who shared a common cultural background,
customs and norms, a common language,
religion, history, geography or race

Division of Ethnic Group:

1. Ethnic Majority Group refers to a particular
ethnic group which comprises the majority of a
particular population

Main Ethnic Groups

POPULATION

Cebuano

33 Million

Tagalog

20.93 Million

Hiligaynon

10.06 Million

Central Bicolano

5.5 Million

Waray

4.4 Million

Kapampangan

3.6 Million

Albay Bicolano

3.1 Million

Pangasinan

2.6 Million

Malay

2.2 Million

Maranao

2.09 Million

Maguindano

2.07 Million

Tausug

2.02 Million

Min Nan Chinese

1.3 Million

Masbateno

1.1 Million

Source: National Statics Office 2010

ETHNIC MINORITY GROUP

Groups

subordinated in terms of power and

privileges to the majority dominant group

Minority

group is a sociological term for a group

that
experiences
discrimination,
social
disadvantages and strong self-consciousness as
a result of discriminations.

ETHNIC MINORITY GROUPS IN

THE PHILIPPINES
LUZON
Ivatan of Batanes
Ata / Ati of Pampanga
Igorots of Mt. Provice
Mangyan of Mindoro
Ilongots
of
Sierra Palawan tribe
Madre
Aeta of Zambales

VISAYAS
Mahagat Bukidnon of
Negros
Ati Community of Boracay
Suludnon/Tumandok of
Panay

Eskaya of Bohol

Yakan of Basilan

Badjao of Sulu , Celebes

Sea
Tausug
Lumad Tribe

Negritos of Negros Oriental

Kanay A of Antique

MINDANAO

Blaan of Saranggani
Palangiyen and Matigsulog
of Bukidnon

WHY ETHNIC GROUPS ARE

MAINTAINED?
1. Functionalist Theory

States that in order for race and ethnic relations to

be functional and contribute to the harmonious
conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic
minorities must assimilate into that society.

2.

Conflict Theory

. that

racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class

conflict and that in order to reduce racial and
ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

3. Social Interaction Theory

look at two issues in relation to race and

ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social
interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic
hostility. Second, they look at how race and
ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence,
symbolic interactionists ask the question, What
happens when two people of different race or
ethnicity come in contact with one another and
how can such interracial or interethnic contact
reduce hostility and conflict?

Problem in Race and Ethnic

Relation:
1. Prejudice
- an adverse judgment or opinion formed
beforehand or without knowledge or examination
of the facts.
Unfounded generalization about an entire
category of people.

CAUSES OF
PREJUDICE
a.

Stereotyping the tendency

picture
members of
group
in
oversimplified
exaggerated
manners.

this
to
all
the
an
or

b. Ethnocentrism - this occurs when one has the belief

that his own race, nation or group is the best.
c. Scapegoating - A scapegoat is person or group that
is forced to take the blame for happenings that are
not their fault.
d. Authoritarian personality intolerant, highly
conformist, submissive to superior and bullying to
inferior

2.
Discrimination
an overt action
defined as
differential treatment
, usually unequal and
injurious, accorded
to individuals who
are assumed to
belong to a
particular category
or group

Pattern of Racial and Ethnic Intergroup

Relation
1. Pluralism - A state in which people of all racial
and ethnic categories have about the same
overall social standing
2.

Assimilation - The process by which the

minorities gradually adopt cultural patterns from
the dominant majority population.

3.

Amalgamation - intermarriages among people

from different ethnic group

4.

Ethnic Struggle - occurs when two or more

groups in a society vie for power and privilege

5. Genocide - Systematic killing of one category of

people by another
6. Slavery - treatment of group of people as
property, rather than as persons.
7. Subjugation - subordinations of one group and
the assumption of position of authority, power, and
domination by the other.
8. Segregation - The physical and social separation
of categories of people
9. Expulsion refers to the process of forcing a
group to leave the territory where it resides.

MINORITY GROUP RESPONSES

1.

Accommodation this refers to the process of living

with patterns of racism in the society.

2.

Acceptance majority of the people in a minority ethnic

or racial category generally accept their status.

3.

Avoidance departing from ones minority group and

becoming a member of the majority group.

4.

Separatism
organization.

5.

Rebellion and Revolution this is often a violent

collective efforts to challenge or overthrow the
prevailing system.

this

involves

self-help

and

self-

IMPACT ON EDUCATION

Ethnic minorities experience racism, they are stereotyped,

and often left alone in school and classroom activities.

Ethnic minorities have a different culture that may have

disadvantages on them (eg. Different language, cultural
practices and belief systems)

Most ethnic minority groups have

higher parental and pupil educational aspirations,

more positive attitudes to school,

do more homework

but do teachers notice this and guide and support them

accordingly?

IMPACT ON EDUCATION
Ethnicity

is a variable affecting educational

attainment.

Without

a prior knowledge (i.e. ethnicity &

culture) may effect ones learning style.

Instructors

should be sensitive to the

different learning styles and vary their
teaching styles accordingly.

IMPLICATIONS FOR
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
Teaching

styles should attempt to match learning

styles
Material

should be culturally relevant to the

learners
Group

activities

Cultural

recognition/appreciation

Parent-teacher

communication

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

According to Banks (1988),
Every child comes to school with an ethnic identity whether
these identifications are conscious or unconscious. This
identification must be recognized and respected by the
teacher. The point here is to acknowledge differences rather
than ignore them. It is equally critical that the children
recognize and appreciate their own ethnicity and learn to
appreciate those of the other children in the class. (p. 43)