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1a
A
In general, increasing the accelerating voltage will decrease the spherical aberration of the system
and therefore increase the resolution. Since the working distance is 12 mm it is better to have a
higher voltage to get better resolution of the image. The image shown above shows the similar trend.
1b
A
Since the working distance is 12 mm it is better to have a higher voltage to get better resolution of the
image. The image shown above shows the similar trend.
1c
A
Emission Current
SEM image are taken at , Working distance = 12 mm at 10 KV of potential A) Mag = 100KX, emission
current 15 A B) Mag = 25 KX, emission current 15 A A) Mag = 100KX, emission current 20 A
Brightness of the image has been increased with the increase in the emission current. Therefore, in
the SEM image 2C seems to be more brighter than the 2A.
4
A
Decreasing the diameter of the aperture will decrease lens aberrations and thus increase
resolution, decrease the probe current and decrease the convergence angle of the beam
and thus increase depth of focus. Therefore in the given image A and C has better depth
of the focus.
5
A
SEM image are taken at 100KX magnification (A,B) WD=6mm, Accelerating Voltage = 2,5 KV (C,D)
WD=12 mm, Accelerating Voltage = 10,20 KV, (E,F) WD=20mm, Accelerating Voltage = 20 KV with mixed
and lower detector
Change in the working distance will have an effect on the spherical aberration of the imaging system and
therefore will effect the resolution of the final image. When the working distance decreases, this effect of
spherical aberration will become less, the spot striking the specimen will become smaller and therefore will
improve resolution. Therefore A and B seems to have higher resolution than other.
7
A
When the sample is tilted the incident beam electrons travels greater distances in the region close to
the surface . As the result, more SEs are generated within the escape depth in these areas than in
areas which are normal to the beam. Because of higher SEs the image will be brighter with the
increase in the tilting angle.
Therefore, In the above figure Image C is more brighter than A and B.
8a
A
SEM image are taken at , Working distance = 12 mm, 25 KX magnification, and accelerating potential
of 10 KV with an bias voltage of -50,-100, and -150 V (A-C)
Basically the bias voltage effect the brightness of the image. At low bias voltage the brightness is not
optimal. Therefor in the above figure C is less brighter than A.
8b
A
SEM image are taken at , Working distance = 4 mm at 25KX magnification and 2 KV of potential at an
bias voltage of -50, -100 and -150 V (A-C)
Basically the bias voltage effect the brightness of the image. At low bias voltage the brightness is not
optimal. Therefor in the above figure C is less brighter than A.
8c
A
BSE are incident electrons scattered back out of the sample where as, SE are electrons
which start out in the specimen. The BSE yield increases with Z and incident angle,
symmetric BSE detector required. SE detector image in the above image is more
brighter than the BSE detector image
10
A
SEM image are taken at , Working distance = 12 mm at 100 KX magnification (A) 20 KV , (B) 5 KV (C) 20
KV at condenser current C = 10
Contamination results from the interaction of the electron beam with the sample. It became worse
with the increase in the accelerating voltage and the charging. Therefore B has less contamination
than A and C.
11 a
A
Specimens need to be conductive when examined using a SEM. When a specimen is nonconductive
(as in this case) a negative charge from the electron beam tends to accumulate, thus effecting the
final image. Some of the effects are abnormal contrast, appearing of abnormal lines shifts/breaks
within the image.
11 b
Increasing the current for the non conductive sample can increase little bit of the resolution but still
image is not fully resolved. Also, potentially increase charge up and damage in specimens that are
non-conductive .
11 c
The nonconductive need to be coated with a thin layer of metal (Pt or Au) making the surface
conductive Specimens like metals. In compared to 11 a the image shown here have very high
resolution