Asmaa Salah Ahmed Ali

Amera Ashraf

Flow sheet of hydroelectric

power plant

Turbines are the hydraulic

machines which convert hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy.

HYDRAULIC
ENERGY

TURBINES

MECHANICAL
ENERGY

CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES
According to the type of energy at inlet:
Impulse turbine:

If at the inlet of turbine the energy available is only kinetic

energy, the turbine is known as Impulse Turbine.
Ex- Pelton Wheel
Reaction turbine:

If at the inlet of turbine water possesses kinetic energy as

well as pressure energy,the turbine is known as Reaction
Turbine.
Ex - Francis turbine, Propeller turbine, Kaplan turbine

 According to the direction of flow through

runner:
Tangential flow turbine:
If water flows along the tangent of runner,the turbine is
known as Tangential flow turbine.

Radial flow turbine:

If the water flows in radial direction through the runner,the
turbine is known as Radial flow turbine.
If the water flows from outward to inward radially,the
turbine is known as Inward radial flow turbine.
If the water flows from inward to outward radially,the
turbine is known as Outward radial flow turbine.

Axial flow turbine:

If water flows along the direction parallel to the axis
of rotation of runner, the turbine is known as
Axial flow turbine.

Mixed flow turbine:

If water flows in radial direction but leaves in

the direction parallel to the axis of
rotation,the turbine is known as Mixed
flow turbine.

 According to the head at the inlet of turbine:

High head turbine ( 150m to 2000m) Ex- Pelton wheel.
Medium head turbine (30m to 150m) Ex- Francis turbine.
Low head turbine( The net head is less than 30m) Ex- kaplan turbine.
Very low head turbine: When is head is less than 15m

Ex- Propeller turbine.

According to the specific speed of the turbine:

Low specific speed turbine(varying from 10 to 35 for single jet

and up to 50 for double jet ) Ex- Pelton wheel.

Medium specific speed turbine(from 50 to 250) Ex- Francis turbine.
High specific speed turbine(more than 250) Ex- kaplan turbine&
Propeller turbine .

Pelton turbine is a

tangential flow impulse

turbine.
Pelton turbine is

suitable for high head

and low flow rate.
Energy available at

the inlet of the turbine

is only kinetic energy.
Pressure at the inlet

& outlet is
atmospheric.

PELTON TURBINE

Impulse Turbine(Pelton
Turbine)

MAIN PARTS OF PELTON

TURBINE:

1.Nozzle and flow

regulating
arrangment.
2. Runner and
buckets
3. Casing
4. Breaking jet.

If the water flows

from outward to inward

the turbine is known as
Inward radial flow
turbine.
Guide wheel consists

of guide vanes which

directs the water to
enter the runner.
The outer diameter of

the runner is inlet &

inner diameter is
outlet.

INWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE

If the water flows

from inward to
outward the turbine is
known as Outward
radial flow turbine.

The inner diameter of

the runner is inlet &

outer diameter is
outlet.

OUTWARD RADIAL FLOW TURBINE

Reaction Turbine (Francis

Turbine)

The inward flow

reaction turbine having

radial discharge at outlet
is known as Francis
Turbine.
In modern Francis

turbine water enters the

runner in radial direction
at outlet & leaves in axial
direction at inlet of
runner.
Francis turbine is

suitable for medium

head and medium flow
rate.

FRANCIS TURBINE

AXIAL FLOW REACTION TURBINE

If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft

the turbine is known as Axial flow turbine.

The axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical.
Lower end of shaft is made larger and known as hub/boss.
AXIAL FLOW
REACTION
TURBINE

PROPELLER
TURBINE

KAPLAN TURBINE

Reaction Turbine (Kaplan Turbine)

When the vanes are

fixed to the hub & are

not adjustable the
turbine is known as
Propeller Turbine.

If the vanes are

adjustable the turbine

is known as Kaplan
Turbine

Kaplan turbine runner.

Kaplan Turbine is

suitable for low head

and high flow rate.
Main parts of

Kaplan Turbine
are:
1.Scroll casing
2.Guide vanes
mechanism
3.Hub with vanes
4.Draft tube.

Main parts of Kaplan

Turbine
Scroll casing
Guide vanes

mechanism
Hub with vanes
Draft tube.

Based on specific speed

Specific speed
10-35
35-60
60-300
300-1000

Types of turbine
Pelton wheel with one nozzle
Pelton wheel with two or more
nozzle, Multi jet pelton wheel
Francis turbine
Kaplan turbine

Based on disposition of
turbine shaft
Turbine shaft may be either vertical or

horizontal. Pelton turbine usually have

horizontal shafts whereas the rest have
vertical shafts.

Based on name of
originator
Pelton wheel : Tangential flow impulse

turbine

used for high head of water.

Francis turbine : Inward flow reaction turbine used
for medium head of water.
Kaplan turbine : Axial flow adjustable blades
reaction turbine used for low head of water.
Propeller turbine : Fixed blades axial flow reaction
turbine used for very low head of water.

Advantages of Pelton
turbine
Most efficient of all turbines

High overall efficiency

Easy assembly
Operate at low discharge
Flat efficiency curve
Can be operation in silted water

Disadvantages of Pelton
turbine
Decrease in efficiency with time
Components have large size
Variation in the operating head is very
difficult to control
The operating head cannot be utilized even
when the variation in the tail water level is
relatively large when compared to total head

Advantages of Francis turbine

Easy control on changing head
Size of runner and generator is small
Small change in efficiency over time
The operating head can be utilized even
when the variation in the tail water level is
relatively large when compared to total head

Disadvantages of Francis
turbine

Unclean water can create wear

Inspection method is very difficult
Cavitation is an ever present danger
Water hammer effect can create some
problems
Head 50% lower can have harmful effect on
the efficiency as well as cavitation danger
became more serious

Advantages of Kaplan
Turbine
In Kaplan Turbine Runner vanes are
adjustable
In Kaplan Turbine very low head is required
In Kaplan Turbine has very small number of
blades 3 to 8
In Kaplan Turbine very less resistances
have to be over come

Disadvantages of Kaplan
Turbine
In Kaplan Turbine
in vertical direction
In Kaplan Turbine
required
In Kaplan Turbine
In Kaplan Turbine
required

disposition of shaft is only

very large flow rate is
specific speed is 250-850
heavy duty generator is

THANK YOU