M O N ITO R IN G A N D

EV A LU ATIO N O F
EX TEN S IO N P R O JEC TS

M onitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring focuses on progress and

inputs to achieve outputs and purpose.
Its goals are to:
Ensure that inputs, work schedules and

outputs are proceeding according to plan

Provide record of input use, activities and

results
Warn of any deviations from initial goals

and expected outcomes

M onitoring and Evaluation

Evaluation a process used to determine

whether the design and delivery of a

program are effective and whether the
proposed outcomes are met (Caffarella,
1994)

M onitoring and Evaluation:N egative

m etaphors

under the gun

last rites before hanging
defend the fortress
a mine field

Resistance to M onitoring and

Evaluation
Distrust towards criticisms
Fear of exposing limitations and

the desire to mask inadequacies

Fear of change
Dislike for or fear of additional

task

M ajor Uses ofM & E

Accountability
Reporting
Assessing Impact

Decision Making
Improving implementation
Periodic review
Improving planning

Com plem entary roles ofM & E

Monitoring

Evaluation

Regular, on-going

Periodic

More frequent

Less frequent

Emphasis on
routine info
gathering

Emphasis on
judging and
decision making

Key Phases/Activities in Project Tim eline

Planning

Needs
Assessme
nt

Initiation

Implementation

Monitoring

Baseline Survey

Termination

Monitorin
g
Mid-Project
Evaluation

Post

Impact
Evaluation

Terminal Evaluation

Elem ents ofEvaluation

1. Systematic collection of

information: What are you going

to evaluate :

Relevance: are we dealing with the

priorities of the community? Are we
improving the situation? Why/not?

Effectiveness: Have the plans

(purposes, outputs, activities) been
achieved? Why/Not?

Elem ents ofEvaluation

Efficiency are resources used in the best

possible way? Why/not? What could we do to
achieve implementation, at an acceptable
and sustainable cost?

Impact: To what extent has the project

contributed to its goals? Why/not? What
unanticipated + or consequences did the
project have? Why did they arise?

Sustainability: Will there be continued

positive impacts resulting from the project
after funs have run out? Why or why not?

Elem ents ofEvaluation

2. For use by specific, identifiable people

or groups of people: who will use the

evaluation? What do they want to
know? How will they use it?

Who
EW

Funding
agency
Farmer

What
Is the program
meeting the needs of
the farmers?
Is the program
effective and
efficient
Is the program
meeting my needs?

Why
To improve
the
program
Justify
support
Determine
support for

Steps in Planning M & E

Steps

Guide Question

Formulating M&E
Qs

What changes should be monitored

Identifying
indicators

What information are needed to

know to establish changes

Identifying
measures of
indicators

Through what data will indicators be

measured (units, dimensions,
indices)
How will these data be gathered

Selecting methods
and tools
Determining
frequency of data
collection

When and how should data be

collected

Assigning tasks

Who will be responsible for

collecting which data

Logical chain of connections showing

what the program is to accomplish
INPUTS

OUTPUTS

Program
investments

Activities

Participation

What we
invest

What
we do

Who we
reach

OUTCOMES
Short

Medium

What results

Longterm

OUTPUTS
What we do

ACTIVITIES

Who we reach

PARTICIPATION

Train, teach
Participants
Deliver services
Clients
Develop products and Customers
resources
Agencies
Network with others
Decision makers
Build partnerships
Policy makers
Assess
Facilitate
Work with the media

OUTCOMES
What results for individuals, families, communities..

SHORT

MEDIUM

LONG-TERM

Learning

Action

Conditions

Changes in

Changes in

Changes in

o Awareness
o Knowledge
o Attitudes
o Skills
o Opinion
o Aspirations
o Motivation
o Behavioral

oBehavior
oDecision-

oConditions
oSocial (well-

making
oPolicies
oSocial action

being)
oHealth
oEconomic
oCivic
oEnvironmental

intent

CHAIN

OF

OUTCOMES

Logic m odeland com m on types ofevaluation

Needs/asset
assessment:
What are the
characteristics,
needs, priorities of
target population?
What are potential
barriers/facilitators?
What is most
appropriate to do?

Process
evaluation:
How is program
implemented?
Are activities
delivered as
intended? Fidelity
of
implementation?
Are participants
being reached as
intended?
What are
participant
reactions?

Outcome
evaluation:
To what extent are
desired changes
occurring? Goals
met?
Who is
benefiting/not
benefiting? How?
What seems to
work? Not work?
What are
unintended
outcomes?

Impact evaluation:
To what extent can
changes be attributed
to the program?
What are the net
effects?
What are final
consequences?
Is program worth
resources it costs?

Adapted from Univ. of Wisconsin-ext., prog. devl evaln

Key Factors forim proving M & E

Jointly plan M&E with key stakeholders

avoid over M and E ambitious objectives
agree on responsibilities for M & E and for

follow up action
Inform management and all levels of staff of
purposes, principles and uses of M & E
Provide information on timely basis
Summarize M&E results for managers and
present options for actions