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TRANSFER PROBLEMS
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Nam-Ho Kim
Displacement
Temperature (scalar)
Stress/strain
Displacement B.C.
Body force
Youngs modulus
Thermal conductivity
THERMAL PROBLEM
Goals:
[K T ]{T } {Q}
Thermal load
Nodal temperature
Conductivity matrix
Boundary Conditions
Essential BC: Specified temperature
Natural BC: Specified heat flux
dT
qx kA
dx
Thermal conductivity (W/m/C )
Heat flux (Watts)
Exampleshigh
of 1D heat conduction problems
Thigh
qx
Tlow
qx
Tlow
Qs
qx
Qg
A
qx +
dqx
Dx
dx
dx
5
dq
qx QsPx h T T Px Qg Ax qx x x
dx
1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 43 1 2 3
1
44
2
4 43
Egen
E
in
Eout
0 x L
dx
dx
0 x L
Rate of change of heat flux is equal to the sum of heat generated and
heat transferred
6
dT
kA
qL
dx x L
DIRECT METHOD
Follow the same procedure with 1D bar element
No need to use differential equation
Q1
1
Q2
QN
Q3
i
qi(e)
xi
e
L(e)
Ti
j
Tj
q(je)
xj
8
ELEMENT EQUATION
Fourier law of heat conduction
(e)
i
Tj Ti
dT
kA
kA
dx
L(e)
(e)
j
(e)
j
kA
(Tj Ti )
L(e)
kA
i
(e)
(e)
q
L
j
1 1
1 1
T i
T j
ASSEMBLY
Assembly using heat conservation at nodes
Remember that heat flow into the element is positive
Equilibrium of heat flow:
T1 Q1
T Q
Ni
Qi qi(e)
[K T ] 2 2
e 1
NN M
M
TN QN
Same assembly procedure with 1D bar elements
Applying BC
Striking-the-rows works, but not striking-the-columns because
Q2 usually zero
prescribed temperatures are not
1
Element 1
q2(1)
q2(2)
3
Element 2
10
EXAMPLE
Calculate nodal temperatures of four elements
A = 1m2, L = 1m, k = 10W/m/C
200 C
Q1
T1
T2
1
Q2 = 500W
T3
2
T4
3
Q3 = 0
Q4 = 200W
T5
4
Q5 = 0
1 1 T 2
q2
q(2)
1 1 T2
2
10
(2)
1 1 T3
q3
q(3)
1 1 T3
3
10
(3)
1 1 T4
q4
q(4)
1 1 T4
4
10
(4)
1 1 T5
q5
11
EXAMPLE cont.
Assembly
Q1
Q
2
Q 3
Q
4
Q5
q1(1)
(2)
q(1)
q
2
2
(2)
(3)
q3 q3 10
q( 4)
q(3)
4
4
( 4)
q5
1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0
0 1 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 1 1
T1
T
2
T3
T4
T5
10 0 1 2
0 0 1
0 0 0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
1
200
T
2
T3
T
4
T5
Q 1
500
200
12
EXAMPLE cont.
Boundary conditions
Strike the first row
200
1 2 1 0 0
T2
0 1 2 1 0
10
T
0 0 1 2 1 3
T4
0 0 0 1 1
T5
500
0
200
Instead of striking the first column, multiply the first column with
o
T1 = 200
1 0move
0 to TRHS
500
2000
2
2 Cand
1 2 1 0 T
0
0
3
10
0 1 2 1 T4
200
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
T5
13
EXAMPLE cont.
Nodal temperatures
{T }T = { 200 230 210 190 190 } C
Other example
100W
3
4
2
1
50 C
200W
Q=0
Q=0
14
% TN (x) TN (x)
T(x)
i i
j j
x x
% N {T } N (x) N (x)
T(x)
j
i
Heat flux
dT%
1
(e)
dx L
x xi
L(e)
T i
T j
1
{T } B {T }
L(e)
Ti
Tj
xj
dx
dx
0 x L
d
dT%
kA
AQg R(x)
dx
dx
Residual
dT%
x dx kA dx AQg Ni (x)dx 0
xj
Integrate by parts
xj
xj
xj
%
dT
dT%dNi
kA
Ni (x) kA
dx AQ gNi (x)dx
dx
dx dx
xi
xi
x
i
16
xj
dNj dNi
dNi
kA
T
T
x i dx j dx dx dx x AQgNi (x)dx q(x j )Ni (x j ) q(xi )Ni (x i )
i
i
Perform integration
kA
(e)
(e)
T
i
j
i
i
L(e)
xj
Q(e)
AQgNi (x)dx
i
xi
kA
(e)
(e)
T
j
i
j
j
L(e)
Q(e)
AQgNj (x)dx
j
xi
17
(e)
Q(e)
q
1 1 T i
i
i
1 1 T Q(e) q(e)
j
j
j
(e)
(e)
[k (e)
]{
T
}
{
Q
}
{
q
}
T
(e)
N
(x)
AQ
L
i
g
{Q (e) } AQg
dx
2
xi
Nj (x)
EXAMPLE
Heat chamber
Wall temperature = 200 C
Uniform heat source inside
the wall Q = 400 W/m3.
Thermal conductivity of the
wall is k = 25 W/mC.
Use four elements through
the thickness (unit area)
Boundary Condition:
T1 = 200, qx=1 = 0.
Insulated
No heat flow
Wall
200 C
x
1m
19
EXAMPLE cont.
Element Matrix Equation
All elements are identical
1 1 T 1
100
T
1
1
Assembly
Q 1
q1(1)
(1)
Q
(2)
q
q
2 2 2
(2)
(3)
Q3 q3 q3 100
Q q(3) q( 4)
4
4
4
( 4)
q5
Q5
q1(1)
50
(1)
q
50
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
T1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T5
50
100
100
100
50
20
EXAMPLE cont.
Boundary Conditions
At node 1, the temperature is given (T1 = 200). Thus, the heat flux at
node 1 (Q1) should be unknown.
At node 5, the insulation condition required that the heat flux (Q5)
should be zero. Thus, the temperature at node 5 should be unknown.
At nodes 2 4, the temperature is unknown (T2, T3, T4). Thus the heat
flux should be known.
1
2
4
5
3
Q
Q1
1
1
100 0
0
0
1 0
0
2 1 0 0
1 2 1 0
0 1 2 1
0 0 1 1
0
200
T
2
T3
T
4
T5
50 Q1
100
100
100
50
21
EXAMPLE cont.
Imposing Boundary Conditions
Remove first row because it contains unknown Q1.
Cannot remove first column because T1 is not zero.
200
1 2 1 0 0
100
T
0 1 2 1 0 2 100
T3
100
0 0 1 2 1
100
4
0 0 0 1 1
50
T5
100( 1 200 2 T2 1 T3 ) 100
100(2 T2 1 T3 ) 100 20000
100
0 1 2 1 T4 100
0
100
0
50
0
0
1
1
T5 50
22
EXAMPLE cont.
Solution
T1 200 C, T2 203.5 C, T3 206 C, T4 207.5 C, T5 208 C
Discussion
In order to maintain 200 degree at node 1, we need to remove heat
CONVECTION BC
Convection Boundary Condition
Happens when a structure is surrounded by fluid
qh
Does not exist in structural problems
BC includes unknown temperature (mixed BC) T
Wall
T
qh hS(T T)
Fluid Temperature
Convection Coefficient
Heat flow is not prescribed. Rather, it is a function of temperature on
the boundary, which is unknown
1D Finite Element
When both Nodes 1 and 2 are convection boundary
q1 hAT1 hAT1
T
1
q2 hAT2 hAT2
T1
T2
T2
24
T1
T1
h1
q1(1)
T 1
(1)
T2
q2
T2
1
kA 1 1
L 1 1
T3
2
h3
T 3
q(2)
T2
2
(2)
T3
q3
q
2
2 0
Node 3: q(2)
h
A(T
3
3
3 T3 )
1 2 1 T2
0
L
0 1 1 T3 h3 A(T3
T1)
T3 )
25
EXAMPLE cont.
Move unknown nodal temperatures to LHS
kA
kA
h
A
1
L
L
2kA
kA
L
L
kA
h1AT1
T 1
kA
0
2
L
T
h
AT
3
3 3
kA
h3 A
0
16.8 4.8
4.8 6.47 1.67
0
1.67 3.67
Insulating
brick
Firebrick
Ta = 20 C
Tf = 1,500
C
hi
T1
T 2
T
3
No heat flow
boundary
Convection
boundary
20 C
2
q(2)
h
(T
T
)
1054
W/m
3
0
a
3
Tf
0.12 m
0.25 m
18,000
40
1,500 C
ho
T1
hi
T2
1
T3
2
ho
Ta
27
kA
AQ
hP
T
T 0, 0 x L
g
dx
dx
P 2(b h)
Convection
Fluid T
b
qi(e)
xi
q(je)
Convection
xj
28
d
dT%
%
kA
AQg hP T T R(x)
dx
dx
dT%
%
x dx kA dx AQg hP(T T) Ni (x)dx 0
xj
Integration by parts
xj
xj
xj
xj
xj
dT%
dT%dNi
% dx AQ N (x)dx hPT N dx
kA
Ni (x) kA
dx hPTN
i
g i
i
dx
dx
dx
xi
xi
xi
xi
x
i
29
xj
dNj dNi
dNi
i i TN
j j )Ni dx
x kA Ti dx Tj dx dx dx x hP(TN
i
i
xj
xj
Q(e)
(AQ
hPT
)Ni (x)dx
i
g
xi
1 1
hPL(e) 2 1
1 1 6 1 2
(e)
T i
Q(e)
q
i
i
(e)
(e)
T j
Q
q j
j
(e)
(e)
[k (e)
} {q(e) }
T ] [k h ] T {Q
(e)
h
hPL(e)
2 1
1 2
hPL
T 1
i
g
(e)
{Q }
Q
2
1
j
31
1 1
1 2
40
6
(e)
T
(e)
h
(e)
Element 1
Convection
T = 30 C
160 mm
330 C
1.25 mm
Insulated
120 mm
T1
T2
1
T3
2
T4
3
32
q1(1)
1.8533 0.5733 T 1 38.4
0.5733 1.8533 T 38.4
(1)
q
2
Element 1
2
1.8533 0.5733 T2
Element 2 0.5733 1.8533 T3
q(2)
38.4
2
(2)
38.4
q3
1.8533 0.5733 T3
Element 3
T
0.5733
1.8533
q(3)
38.4
3
(3)
38.4
q4
q1(1) Q1
Node 2
(2)
q(1)
2 q2 0
Node 3
(2)
q(2)
q
3
3 0
Node 4
q(3)
4 hA(T T4 )
33
0
.573 3.706 .573
0
.573 1.853
0
T1
T
2
T3
T4
38.4 Q1
76.8
76.8
38.4 hA(T T4 )
0
.573 3.706 .573
0
.573 1.893
0
330
T
2
T
3
T4
38.4 Q1
76.8
76.8
39.6
0
.573 1.893
T2
T3
T
4
265.89
76.8
39.6
34
40
80
120
35