Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Functional Grammar
Sugeng Hariyanto (Dr.)
State Polytechnic of Malang, Indonesia
sg_hariyanto[at]ahoo.co.id
Functional View
B.K Malinowski views meaning as function
in context. (see Figure 1.1.)
Firth continued Malinowskis emphasis on a
social and functional approach to
language.
He began to use the word system.
``The first principle of analysis is to
distinguish between STRUCTURE and
SYSTEM. Structure consists of elements in
interior syntagmatic relation and these
elements have their places in an order of
mutual expectancy. ... Systems of
commutable terms or units are set up
to state the paradigmatic values of the
elements.'' [Firth 1957]
anatomy
physiology
chain
syntagmatic
structural
formal
logical
choice
paradigmatic
systematic
functional
rhetorical
System Networks
The output feature indicative has two associated realization rules: +Subject and +Finite. The
output of Declarative has one associated realization rule Subject ^Finite.
+Subject requires the presence of a subject when a clause is indicative, and +Finite requires
the presence of a finite verb.
The Subject ^ Finite requires the subject to precede the finite verb when the clause is
declarative.
Systemic Grammar
MOOD TYPE:
indicative
POLARITY: positive
negative
imperative
Thespycameinfromthe Comeinfromthecold!
cold.
Thespydidn'tcomein
fromthecold.
Don'tcomeinfromthe
cold!
Realisation statement
+X: insert the function X
e.g. +subject
X=Y: conflate the functions X and Y
e.g. goal = subject
X>Y: order X somewhere before Y
e.g. subject > predicator
X/Y: function X has grammatical feature
Y
e.g. subject/noun phrase
X!L: assign function X to lexical item L
e.g. passive!be
matter
(Field)
REGISTER
TEXT
Rank Scales
Units
Example
(1 clause)
(1 group)
(1 word)
(1 morpheme)
(1 clause)
(3 groups)
(6 words)
(9 morphemes)
Clause Level
metafunction
in the open
textual
System
network
:
THEME
interpersonal
MOOD
ideational
TRANSI
TIVITY
the wild
rabbits
danced
with their
shadows.
Theme
Rheme
Adjunct
Subject
Finite/
glade
Adjunct
Predicator
Residue (1)
Mood
Location
Actor
Residue (2)
Process
Accompaniment
Situation
Independence of metafunction
TRANSITIVITY
MATERIAL
PROCESS
GOAL
RELATIONAL
PROJECTING
CARRIER
Cause
SAYER
Location
Circumstance
Manner
Accompaniment
Etc.
Processes in Transitivity
PROCESS
TYPE
Transitivity
category
meaning
material
doing &
happening
Actor
the company
Process
is giving
mental
sensing
Senser:
Process
wants
conscious
my aunt
my aunt
wants
verbal
saying
Sayer: symbol
Process
Goal
a new teapot
Phenomenon
a new teapot
Verbiage
+ projection
them to buy
a new teapot
+ projection
present
that she is
entitled to a
new teapot
present
Receiver
source
the company's
letter
says
kind things
to my
aunt
says
to my
aunt
the company's
letter
relational
being &
having
Carrier
this teapot
Process
is
Attribute
beautiful
Identified
this
Process
is
Identified
the teapot the
company gave my
TENSE
present-inpresent
Recipient
to my
aunt
PROJECTION
present
Phrase Level
Participant
MOOD
Rheme
The lion
All round the town
By the lion
The unicorn
Multiple theme
antonymy, collocation
This will form text texture
Application of SFL