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Chapter 5
Continuous Random Variables
and Probability Distributions
Ch. 5-1
Chapter Goals
After completing this chapter, you should be
able to:
Ch. 5-2
Chapter Goals
(continued)
Ch. 5-3
Probability Distributions
Probability
Distributions
Ch. 4
Discrete
Probability
Distributions
Continuous
Probability
Distributions
Binomial
Uniform
Hypergeometric
Normal
Poisson
Exponential
Ch. 5-4
Ch. 5
5.1
thickness of an item
time required to complete a task
temperature of a solution
height, in inches
Ch. 5-5
F(x) P(X x)
P(a X b) f(x)dx
a
Ch. 5-7
F(x 0 ) f(x)dx
xm
Probability as an Area
Shaded area under the curve is the
probability that X is between a and b
f(x)
P (a x b)
= P (a < x < b)
(Note that the probability
of any individual value is
zero)
Ch. 5-9
Probability as an Area
(continued)
F(x 0 ) P(X x 0 )
x0
Ch. 5-10
f(x)
xmin
xmax x
Ch. 5-12
f(x) =
1
if a x b
ba
0
otherwise
where
f(x) = value of the density function at any x value
a = minimum value of x
b = maximum value of x
Ch. 5-13
Practice
A repair
Ch. 5-14
5.2
Expectations for
Continuous Random Variables
The mean of X, denoted X , is defined as the
expected value of X
X E[X]
2X E[(X X )2 ]
Ch. 5-15
ab
The variance is
2
(b
a)
2
12
Where
a = minimum value of x
b = maximum value of x
Ch. 5-16
.25
ab 26
4
2
2
(b - a)2 (6 - 2)2
1.333
12
12
2
Ch. 5-17
Linear Functions of
Random Variables
W E[a bX] a bX
the variance is
2
W
Var[a bX] b
2
2
X
W b X
Ch. 5-18
Linear Functions of
Random Variables
(continued)
X X
Z
X
Ch. 5-19
5.3
Bell Shaped
Symmetrical
f(x)
Mean, Median and Mode
are Equal
Location is determined by the
mean,
Spread is determined by the
standard deviation,
Mean
= Median
= Mode
Ch. 5-21
Ch. 5-22
Changing increases
or decreases the
spread.
X ~ N(, 2 )
Ch. 5-24
Ch. 5-25
f(x)
1
2
(x ) 2 /2 2
F(x 0 ) P(X x 0 )
f(x)
P(X x 0 )
x0
x
Ch. 5-27
Ch. 5-28
x
Ch. 5-29
F(b) P(X b)
a
F(a) P(X a)
The
Standard Normal Distribution
Z ~ N(0 ,1)
Z
X
Z
Ch. 5-31
Example
X 200 100
Z
2.0
50
100
0
200
2.0
X
Z
( = 100, = 50)
( = 0 , = 1)
b
a
F
F
f(x)
a
a
Ch. 5-34
Probability as
Area Under the Curve
The total area under the curve is 1.0, and the curve is
symmetric, so half is above the mean, half is below
f(X) P( X ) 0.5
0.5
P( X ) 0.5
0.5
P( X ) 1.0
Ch. 5-35
Appendix Table 1
F(a) P(Z a)
Z
Ch. 5-36
Ch. 5-37
.9772
Example:
P(Z < 2.00) = .9772
0
2.00
Ch. 5-38
.0228
Example:
P(Z < -2.00) = 1 0.9772
= 0.0228
2.00
.9772
.0228
F(-z)=1-P(Zz)=1-F(z)
-2.00
0
Ch. 5-39
Ch. 5-40
8.0
8.6
Ch. 5-41
X 8.6 8.0
0.12
5.0
=8
= 10
8 8.6
=0
=1
0 0.12
Ch. 5-42
F(z)
.10
.5398
.11
.5438
.12
.5478
.13
.5517
0.00
0.12
Ch. 5-43
8.0
8.6
Ch. 5-44
1.000
0
0.12
1.0 - 0.5478
= 0.4522
0
0.12
Ch. 5-45
X Z
Ch. 5-46
Example:
Suppose X is normal with mean 8.0 and
standard deviation 5.0.
Now find the X value so that only 20% of all
values are below this X
.20
?
?
8.0
0
X
Z
Ch. 5-47
F(z)
.82
.7939
.83
.7967
.84
.7995
.85
.8023
.20
?
8.0
-0.84 0
Ch. 5-48
X
Z
X Z
8.0 ( 0.84)5.0
3.80
So 20% of the values from a distribution
with mean 8.0 and standard deviation
5.0 are less than 3.80
Ch. 5-49
Assessing Normality
Ch. 5-50
Ch. 5-51
0
Data
Ch. 5-52
Left-Skewed
Right-Skewed
100
Percent
Percent
100
0
Data
0
Data
Uniform
Nonlinear plots indicate
a deviation from
normality
Percent
100
0
Data
Ch. 5-53
5.5
Examples:
Ch. 5-55
f(t) e
for t 0
Where
F(t) 1 e
Ch. 5-57
P(T t) 1 e
P(t b T t a ) (1 e
ta
) (1 e
tb
)e
tb
Ch. 5-58
ta
Exponential Distribution
Example
Example: Customers arrive at the service counter at
the rate of 15 per hour. What is the probability that the
arrival time between consecutive customers is less
than three minutes?
Practice
Ch. 5-60
5.6
F(x1, x 2 , , x k ) P(X1 x1 X 2 x 2 Xk x k )
Ch. 5-61
Ch. 5-62
Covariance
Cov(X, Y) E[XY] xy
Correlation
Cov(X, Y)
Corr(X, Y)
X Y
Ch. 5-64
E[(X1 X 2 Xk )] 1 2 k
Ch. 5-65
Var(X 1 X 2 Xk ) 12 22 k2
.
Var(X 1 X 2 Xk ) 12 22 k2 2 Cov(X i , X j )
i1 ji 1
Ch. 5-66
E[X Y] X Y
Var(X Y) 2X 2Y
Var(X Y) 2X 2Y 2Cov(X, Y)
Ch. 5-67
Linear Combinations of
Random Variables
W aX bY
The mean of W is
Ch. 5-68
Linear Combinations of
Random Variables
(continued)
The variance of W is
2W a 2 2X b 2 2Y 2abCov(X, Y)
2W a 2 2X b 2 2Y 2ab (X, Y) X Y
Example
Ch. 5-70
Example
(continued)
What are the mean and standard deviation for the time to complete
both tasks?
W XY
W X Y 20 30 50
W 89 9.434
Ch. 5-71
Proportion of
Proportion of
Stock 2
Return
on
Stock
1
portfolio value
portfolio value
portfolio in stock1
return
in stock2
return
Proportion of
Stock N
portfolio value
in stock N
return
Ch. 5-72
10 shares of Stock A
30 shares of Stock B
Ch. 5-73
2W 10 2 2A 30 2 B2 (2)(10)(30 )Corr(A, B) A B
10 2 (4)2 30 2 (16)2 (2)(10)(30 )(.50)(4)( 16)
251,200
Ch. 5-74
W 251,200 501.20
500 720
The Z value for 500 is Z
0.44
501.20
So the probability is 0.33 that your portfolio value is less than $500.
Ch. 5-75
Chapter Summary
Ch. 5-76