Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
for
Renewable Energy Systems
Introduction
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Burner
3
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Steam Generation
Sensible
Heat
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Sensible
Heat
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1000 MW POWER
PLANTS
RUNNING AT 100
% CAPACITY
(8766 GWh/year)
PV
0.12
Geothermal
0.003
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Nuclear
0.001/0.01
Biomass
5.2
Wind
0.79
Solar
Thermal
0.08
Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
Hydro
0.07-0.37
(kg CO / kWh)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2
Construction/Operation/Fuel Preparation
* Source: J. Davidson
(2000)
0.2
0.004
0.0220.0250.025
0.47
0.06
Solar-PV
0.4
Wind
0.6
Nuclear
0.8
Geothermal
0.58
0.38
1.04
0.79
Coal
Natural Gas
1.2
Hydro
1.4
0.1
0
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_____
during ti
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ACF =
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Capacity
Small
Medium
High
Super
Producing
Less than
5 MW
Production
Capacity
in the
range of 5
100 MW
Production
Capacity
in the
range of
100
1000 MW
Producti
on
Capacity
in above
1000
MW
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Operation Load
Base
Loaded as
heavily as
possible, where
Its load never
falls below
demand
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Peak
Used in a small
fraction of time
Intermedia
te
These small
and old existing
plant
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Gas Power
Cycles
Carnot
Otto
Rankin
e
Diesel
Binary (Gas +
Steam)
Dual
Brayto
n
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Steam
Power Plant
Rankine
Cycle
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Gas Power
Plant
Baryton
Cycle
Diesel
Power Plant
Dual Cycle
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Steam turbine
Steam produced by the steam generator is admitted to
the Steam turbine
Heat energy is converted into mechanical energy
useful work
Steam Turbine can be of different types / stages
High pressure turbine
Intermediate pressure turbine
Low pressure turbine
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http://www.greenesolpower.com/
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http://www.greenesolpower.com/
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Impulse turbines:
tend to be smaller than
reaction turbine of
comparable power and
are more durable and
have longer time between
overhaul than reaction
turbines.
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Steam Generator
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Energy Conversion
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Gas Turbine
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Combust
or
Compressor Section
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Turbine
32
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Natural Gas
Mixture of hydrocarbons, predominantly methane (CH 4)
It also contains hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane
and other gases such as nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor.
Nontoxic, noncorrosive, and non-carcinogenic
Not a threat to soil, surface water, or groundwater
Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas
(LNG)
Lower ozone-forming emissions.
Extracted from gas and oil wells.
As a transportation fuel, it is used as compressed natural
gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) .
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Heat Transfer
With direct solar, geothermal and biomass sources,
most energy transfer is by heat rather than by
mechanical or electrical processes.
Heat transfer is a well-established, yet complex,
subject.
However, we do not need sophisticated detail, which
is rarely required to understand and plan renewable
energy thermal applications.
Sophisticated detail is needed for specialized
renewable design, as for instance with advanced
engines powered by biofuels or reduce heat losses in
a thermal system.
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CONDUCTION
Conduction: The transfer of energy
from the more energetic particles of a
substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of
interactions between the particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is
due to the collisions and diffusion of
the molecules during their random
motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination
of vibrations of the molecules in a
lattice and the energy transport by
free electrons.
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Heat conduction
through a large
plane wall of
thickness x and
area A.
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CONVECTION
Convection: The mode of
energy transfer between a
solid
surface
and
the
adjacent liquid or gas that
is in motion, and it involves
the
combined
effects
of
conduction and fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion,
the greater the convection
heat transfer.
In the absence of any bulk
fluid motion, heat transfer
between a solid surface and
the adjacent fluid is by pure
conduction.
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Natural
(or
free)
convection: If the fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced
by
density
differences due to the
variation of temperature
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Radiation
Radiation: The energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of heat
by radiation does not require the presence of an
intervening medium.
In fact, heat transfer by radiation is fastest (at the
speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a
vacuum. This is how the energy of the sun reaches the
earth.
In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal
radiation, which is the form of radiation emitted by
bodies because of their temperature.
All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit
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thermal radiation.
Law
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