Analysis of

Variance
(ANOVA)
JERSON E. SEBASTIAN
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

ANALYSIS OF
VARIANCE
ANOVA is a technique in inferential

statistics designed to test whether or

not more than two samples (or
groups) are significantly different
from each other.
This technique was developed by
R.A. Fisher and the F-test used in
ANOVA is named after him.

TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES(SST)

The total variation or the total

sum of squares (SST) is computed

by getting the sum of the square
of each entry minus the
correction term (x)2/N.
SSt = x2 - (x)2/N where x
refers to the value of each entry
and N refers to the total number

WITHIN SUM OF SQUARES (SSw )

The within-column variance or

within-column sum of squares is

the difference between the total
sum of squares and the betweencolumn sum of squares.

SSw = SST - SSb

DEGREES OF FREEDOM
The total degrees of freedom df is

equal to total number of items

minus one.
df t= N - 1
The between-column df is equal to
number of columns (k) minus one
dfb = k - 1

DEGREES OF FREEDOM
(cont.)
The within-column df is equal

to the difference between the

total df and the between
column df.
dfw = dft - dfb

MEAN SUM OF
SQUARES
The ANOVA table also contains a
column for the mean sum of
squares which is computed by
dividing each sum of squares by
their corresponding degrees of
freedom :

MSSb = SSb/dfb & MSSw =

SSw/dfw

F - RATIO
The F ratio is computed
using the formula:

F = MSSb / MSSw

EXAMPLE
Four groups of patients each were

subjected to 4 different types of

treatment for the same ailment.
The following data are the number
of days that elapsed before they
were completely cured. What
conclusions may be drawn about
the four types of treatment?

EXAMPLE
Patient
Treatment
ABCD
1
10 11 3 6
2
9 11 4 10
3
6 18 5 8
4
7 6 7 11

SOLUTION
STEP 1: Ho and Ha
Ho: There is no significant
difference among the four
treatments. A=B=C=D
Ha : There is a significant
difference among the four
treatments. ABCD

SOLUTION
STEP 2:
= 0.01
(since this is a medical
concern)
STEP 3:
ANOVA or F-test

SOLUTION
STEP 4:

dft = N - 1
= 16 1 = 15
N = 16, since there are 4 patients
for each treatment
dfb = k - 1 = 4 1 = 3
k= 4, since there are treatments

SOLUTION
dfw = dft - dfb
= 15 3
= 12
Since dfb = 3 and dfw = 12,
therefore the critical value or
tabular value of F or ANOVA at
= 0.01 is 5.95

SOLUTION

SOLUTION
SSt = x2 [(x)2/N]
= (266 + 602 + 99 + 321) [(32 +
46 + 19 + 15)2 /16
= 1288 1089
SSt = 199

SOLUTION
SSb = (1/r) (xij)2 [(x)2/N]
= (1/4) (2662 + 6022 + 992 +
3212 ) 1089
= 1182 1089
SSb = 92.5

SOLUTION

SSw = SSt SSb

= 199 92.5
SSw = 106.5

SOLUTION
MSSb = SSb/dfb

MSSw = SSw/dfw

MSSb = 92.5/3
106.5/12
MSSb = 30.83

MSSw =
MSSw = 8.88

F = 30.83/8.88

F = 3.474

SOLUTION
The ANOVA TABLE

SOLUTION
STEP 6 : Decision

Since the computed value of

3.47 is less than the tabular
value of F at 0.01 level of
significance (5.95), then accept
Ho. This means that there is
no
significant
difference
among the four treatments.

EXERCISE
Three groups of students (each
composed
of
5
students)
are
subjected to one of the three types of
teaching methods. The grades of the
students are taken at the end of the
semester and enumerated according
to grouping. Test the hypothesis that
the three teaching methods are not
significantly different from each other
at .05 level significance.

EXERCISES(cont.)

QUESTIONS

THE END
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