Differential Momentum Balance

Rate of
momentum
in

Rate of
momentum
out

Sum of forces
acting on
system

Rate of
accumulation
of momentum

(15.6)

1. Estimation of net rate of momentum out of element

Vz ) 6 6 Vz 6 2 ( xy)
(m

Vx ) 2 2 Vx 2 2 ( yz )
(m

Vx )1 1Vx12 ( yz )
(m
Vz

x
Vx

Vy

Vz )5 5Vz 52 ( xy )
(m

2. Estimation of forces acting on the element

Differential

Chee 223

15.1

Reminder: Definition of stress

Stress= force per unit area (=F/A)

Normal stress acts perpendicular to the surface (F=normal force).

Tensile causes elongation

Compressive causes shrinkage

Shear stress acts tangentially to the surface (F=tangential force).

F
Differential

A
Chee 223

15.2

Forces acting on a differential element (3-D)

P

zz

z
y

zx

zy

P
yy

xz

yz

xx
yx

xy

The first subscript indicates the direction of the normal to the plane
on which the stress acts.
The second subscript indicates the direction of the stress.

Differential

Chee 223

15.3

Differential Momentum Balance

2. Estimation of forces acting on the element

z
xz 6 A z xz 6 x y

xy 4 x z
xx 2 y z

xx1A x xx1 y z

x
xz 5 x y

xy 3 x z

Differential

Chee 223

15.4

Equations of Motion
x-component of momentum equation:
Vx
Vx
Vx
Vx xx yx zx

Vx
Vy
Vz

x
y
z x
y
z
t

y-component of momentum equation:

(15.7a)

g x

(15.7b)

Vy
Vy
Vy xy yy zy
Vy

Vx
Vy
Vz

g y
x
y
z x
y
z
t

z-component of momentum equation:

(15.7c)

Vz
Vz
Vz
Vz xz yz zz

Vx
Vy
Vz

g z
x
y
z x
y
z
t
Differential

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15.5

Stress Deformation relationship

dVx
yx
dy

Reminder: Newtons law in one direction:

In general the stresses are linearly related to the rates of deformation:

(shear stress) = (viscosity)x(rate of shear strain)
In Cartesian coordinates, for the 3-D case:

xx
yy
zz

Vx
p 2
x
Vy
p 2
y
Vz
p 2
z
Differential

xy yx

Vx Vy

x
y

yz zy

Vy Vz

y
z

(15.8)

Vz Vx

z
x

zx xz

Chee 223

15.6

Navier-Stokes Equations
Taking into account the stress-deformation relationships (Eq. 15.8) and
making the following assumptions:
The fluid has constant density
The flow is laminar throughout
The fluid is Newtonian
we obtain the Navier-Stokes Equations:

Differential

Chee 223

15.7

Navier-Stokes Equations
(15.9a)

x-component :

2 Vx 2 Vx 2 Vx
Vx
Vx
Vx
Vx
p

Vx
Vy
Vz
g x

2
2
x
y
z
x
y
z 2
t
x

y-component :

(15.9b)

2 Vy 2 Vy 2 Vy
Vy
Vy
Vy
Vy
p

Vx
Vy
Vz
g y

2
2
2
x
y
z
y
y
z
t
x

z-component :

(15.9c)

2 Vz 2 Vz 2 Vz
Vz
Vz
Vz
Vz
p

Vx
Vy
Vz
g z

2
2
2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x

Differential

Chee 223

15.8

Navier-Stokes Equations
In cylindrical (polar) coordinates:

r-component :

(15.10a)

Vr
Vr V Vr V2
Vz

Vr

Vz
r
r
r
z
t
1 Vr Vr 1 2 Vr 2 V 2 Vr
p

g r
2

r
2 2
2
2
r
r

r
r
r

(15.10b)

-component :

V
V V V Vr V
V

Vr

Vz
r
r
r
z
t
1 V V 1 2 V 2 Vr 2 V
1 p

g
2

r
2 2
2
2
r
r
r
r
z
r r r
Differential

Chee 223

15.9

Navier-Stokes Equations
z-component :

(15.10c)

Vz V Vz
Vz
Vz

Vr

Vz

r
r
z
t
1 Vz
p
1 2 Vz 2 Vz

g z

r
2
2
2
z
z
r r r r

Differential

Chee 223

15.10

Solution Procedure
1. Make reasonable simplifying assumptions (i.e. steady state,
incompressible flow, coordinate direction of flow)
2. Write down continuity and momentum (or Navier-Stokes) equations
and simplify them according to the assumptions of Step 1.
3. Integrate the simplified equations.
4. Invoke boundary conditions in order to evaluate integration constants
obtained in Step 3.
No-slip condition
Continuity of velocity
Continuity of shear stress
5. Solve for pressure and velocity. Derive shear stress distributions if
desired. Apply numerical values.

Differential

Chee 223

15.11

Example1: Drag (Couette) flow between

two parallel plates
Consider two flat parallel plates separated by a distance b as shown in
the figure. The top plate moves in the x-direction at a constant speed V,
while the bottom plate remains stationary. The fluid between the plates is
assumed incompressible. As the top plate moves the fluid is dragged
along. This type of flow is often referred as Couette flow. It has important
applications in lubrication applications (such as rotating journal bearings)
and instruments for measurement of viscosity.
Prove that the velocity profile for this type of flow is linear. What is the
volumetric flow rate?

b
x

Differential

Chee 223

15.12

Sample Worksheet
Step 1: State assumptions
- Steady-state (all derivatives with respect to time = 0), incompressible
flow ( = const.).
- Decide on coordinate system, determine direction of flow, identify nonzero velocity components.
- Inspect for any other reasonable assumptions.
Step 2: Write down continuity (chose from 15.1-15.5) and Navier-Stokes
equations (chose from 15.9 or 15.10) for the appropriate coordinate
system and direction of flow.
Then simplify them, according to assumptions of Step 1.
Step 3: Integrate the simplified Navier-Stokes equation.

Differential

Chee 223

15.13

Sample Worksheet
Step 4: Identify appropriate boundary conditions. Use them to determine
the integration constants obtained above.
Step 5: Obtain velocity profile.
Step 6 (If needed): Obtain volumetric flow rate by integrating:
-For flow in channels (W=width):

top plate
Q

Vx dy
bottom
plate
W
R

- For flow through circular cross-sections:

Q 2 Vz r dr
0

Step 7 (If needed): Obtain shear stress distributions, chosing the

appropriate stress-deformation relationship, from eq (15.8) and simplifying
it.

Differential

Chee 223

15.14

Example 2: Pressure driven (Poiseuille) flow

between parallel plates
The figure below shows a fluid of viscosity that flows in the x direction
between two rectangular plates, whose width is very large in the z
direction when compared to their separation in the y direction. Such a
situation could occur in a die when a polymer is being extruded at the exit
into a sheet, which is subsequently cooled and solidified. We will
determine the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure drop
between the inlet and exit, together with several other quantities of
interest.

2h

Differential

Chee 223

15.15

Example 2: Pressure driven flow between parallel plates

y
P1

Vx
P2

-h

Now solve the following problem:

A highly viscous fluid having a viscosity of 950 Pa.s and density of 780
kg/m3 is flowing through a rectangular (flat) die having length of 25 cm,
width of 1.75 m and gap of 1.8 mm. The pressure drop for this flow is
55.6 MPa. What is the mass flow rate? How much is the shear stress at
the wall?

Differential

Chee 223

15.16

Summary of some useful results

Steady
pressure driven,
laminar flow
between fixed
parallel plates

W
2h

Velocity Profile:

1 P 2
2
Vx

y h
2 x
h P

2 L
2

Vx ,max

Volumetric flow rate:

Differential

where

Vave

P P ( P1 P2 )

x
L
L

h 2 P

3L

Q 2h 3P

W
3L
Chee 223

Vx ,max

3
Vave
2

15.17

Summary of some useful results

Steady, laminar, Drag (Couette) flow between parallel plates:

b
x

Velocity profile:

Volumetric flow rate:

Differential

y
Vx V
b
Q 1
Vb
W 2

Chee 223

15.18

Summary of some useful results

Steady, pressure
driven, laminar flow in
circular tubes

r
P1

Velocity Profile:
Vz

1 P 2
2

r R
4 z

R P

4L
2

Vz ,max

where
R P

8L
2

Vave

Volumetric flow rate:

Differential

P2

P P ( P1 P2 )

z
L
L

Vmax 2Vave

Vz
r
1
Vmax
R

R 4 P
Q
8L

Chee 223

15.19

Summary of some useful results

Steady,
Pressure
driven, Axial,
Laminar flow
in an Annulus

P1

P2
r

Vz

ro
z

ri

Vz
L

1 P 2 2 ri2 ro2
r
Vz
ln

r ro
4 z
ln( ro / ri ) ro
P 4 4 ( ro2 ri2 )2
Q
ro ri

8L
ln( ro / ri )
Differential

Chee 223

15.20