STATE OF MATTER

GAS
SK0013
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LECTURE 3

STATE OF MATTER - GAS

Contents:

Physical Characteristic
Atmospheric Pressure
Gas Law
Ideal Gas Equation
Gas Stoichiometry
Kinetic Molecular Theory of
Gas

HYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GASE

Gases assume the volume and shape of their

containers.
Gases are the most compressible state of
matter.
Gases will mix evenly and completely when
confined to the same container. Forming a
homogenous mixture.
The characteristics
of gases
Gases have much lower
densities
than liquids
are due to the individual
and solids.
molecules being far apart
from each other.

NO2 gas

HYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GASE

Volumes of gases can be expressed in cubic

decimeters, cubic centimeters or cubic meters.

1 dm3 = 103 cm3 = 10-3 m3

Most commonly, the amount of matter in gaseous

sample is expressed in moles (n) or mass (m).

The temperature of a gas ordinarily measured

using a thermometer in C.

However, in any calculation involving the physical

behavior of gases, temperatures must be
expressed on the Kelvin scale.

TK = tC + 273

PRESSURE OF A GAS
Pressure (P) is defined as force (F) per unit area
(A).
Force

Pressure =

P=

Area

F
A

(force = mass x acceleration)

Pressure Unit:
SI Unit =1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
Common used unit is the atmosphere
(atm)
1 atm
= 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg
Other units
such as mmHg and torr, is
1 torr = 1 mmHg
also used

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric
pressure is the
pressure exerted by
the earths
atmosphere.
The actual value of
atmospheric pressure
depends on location,
temperature and
weather conditions.

10 miles

4 miles

Sea level

0.2 atm

0.5 atm

1 atm

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
How is atmospheric
pressure measured?
Using Barometer

Standard atmospheric
pressure (1 atm) is equal
to the pressure that
supports a column of
mercury exactly 760 mm
high at 0C at sea level.
1 atm = 760 mmHg
Barometer

Pgas= gh
: density of the
liquid
g: gravity at 9.81
ms-2
h: height of the
liquid in the
manometer

NETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GAS

1. A gas is a collection of particles (molecules or
atoms) in constant, straight-line motion.
2. Gas particles do not attract or repel each other
(they do not interact). The particles collide with
each other & with surfaces (wall) but bounce
back.
3. There is a lot of space between gas particles
compared with the size of the particles
themselves
4. The speed of the particles increases with
increasing temperature (more energy)

The kinetic molecular model of a gas

Gas molecules are

in constant motion
and their collisions
are elastic
.

Collisions with the

walls cause gas
pressure

NETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GAS

Distribution of molecular
speeds
Kinetic energy
distribution of molecular
gas at different
temperatures is shown in
Figure Maxwell-Boltzman.
The area under each
curve represents the
amount of nitrogen
molecules at a certain
temperature.
The higher the
temperature, the more
molecules have higher

Speed of molecules of
nitrogen gas at three
different temperatures

NETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GAS

THE GAS LAW

Physical properties of the gas is not depends
on its chemical composition, but depends on
four variables: volume, pressure,
temperature and mole number.
These variables are linked by several gas laws
which can be used to study the qualitative and
quantitative changes in a variable.
Gas Law
Boyles Law
Charless Law
Avogadros Law

THE GAS LAW

he Pressure Volume Relationship

Boyles Law the pressure of a fixed
amount of gas at a constant temperature is
inversely proportional to the volume of the
gas
I Constant temperature
P

V I
or
V Constant amount of gas
P
V decrease as P increase

The above equation can be written as:

P1 V1 = P2 V2

THE GAS LAW

Boyle's Law can also be illustrated graphically as
follows:

THE GAS LAW

he Pressure Volume Relationship

A cylinder containing nitrogen gas has a volume

of 180 cm3. The gas pressure is 1.50 atm at
20C. What is the gas pressure if the gas is
allowed to expand to 220 cm3 at constant
temperature.
By using the
1 = Initial state
equation:
2 = final state

P1V1 = P2V2

P1 = 1.50 atm
V1 = 180 cm3

P2 = ?
V2 = 220 cm3

P1 x V1 1.50 atm x 180 cm3

P2 =
=
= 1.23 atm
3
220 cm
V2

A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of

946 mL at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is
the pressure of the gas (in mmHg) if the volume
is reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL?

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg

P2 = ?

V1 = 946 mL

V2 = 154 mL

P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL

P2 =
=
= 4460 mmHg
154 mL
V2

THE GAS LAW

e Temperature Volume Relationship

Charless Law the
volume of a fixed
amount of gas
maintained at
constant pressure is
directly proportional
to the absolute
temperature of the
gas.

As T increasesV increases

THE GAS LAW

Temperature Volume Relationship

VT
V = constant x T

V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Temperature must be in
Kelvin
T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15

THE GAS LAW

Temperature Volume Relationship

A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20

L at 125 0C. At what temperature will the gas
occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure
remains constant?

V1/T1 = V2/T2

V1 = 3.20 L
T1 = 398.15 K

V2 = 1.54 L
T2 = ?

T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K

V2 x T1
1.54 L x 398.15 K = 192 K
T2 =
=
3.20 L
V1

An air-filled balloon has a volume of 2.00L at

27C. What is the volume of the balloon at a
temperature -23C if the pressure remains
constant?
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
V1 = 2.00 L
T1 = 300 K

V2 = ?
T2 = 250 K

T1 = 27 (0C) + 273 (K) = 300 K

T2 = -23 (0C) + 273 (K) = 250 K
V2

V1 x T2
T1

2.00 L x 250 K
=
300 K

1.67 L

THE GAS LAW

Combination of Boyles Law and Charless Law
give the following equation:

V T/P

PV= constant
T

or

Or in 2 different condition:

P1V1
T1

P2V2
T2

The volume of gas collected at 60C and

pressure 1.05 x 105 Nm-2 was 60 mL. What
volume of gas at s.t.p.?
s.t.p is standard temperature and pressure, where
T = 273K and P = 1 atm = 101325 Nm-2.
Using combination of Boyle's Law & Charles's Law:

P1V1
T1

P2V2
T2

V1 = 60 mL P1 = 1.05 x 105 Nm-2

T1 = 333 K P = 101325 Nm-2
2
T2 = 273 K

5
-2
P
V
T
1.05
x
10
Nm
x
60
mL
x
273
K
1
1
2
V2 =
=
T1P2
101325 Nm-2 x 333 K

= 50.97 mL

THE GAS LAW

he Volume Amount Relationship

Avogadros Law at constant pressure and
temperature, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the number of moles of the
gas present.
V number of moles (n)
V1/n1 = V2/n2
V = constant x n

THE GAS LAW

he Volume Amount Relationship

Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide

(NO) and water vapor. How many volumes of
NO are obtained from one volume of ammonia
at the same temperature and pressure?

4NH3 + 5O2
4 mole NH3

4NO + 6H2O
4 mole NO

At constant T and P
1 volume NH3

1 volume NO

 Ideal gas (Ideal gas Law) is the gas that obeys

all gas laws in any state.
Characteristics of an ideal gas is:
a. There is no attractive forces exist between
molecules
b. The volume of the molecule is too small
compared to the volume of the container and
can be ignored.
c. Molecule behaves as an elastic sphere and the
collisions between molecules does not involve
any change in energy.
Boyles Law

: V 1/ P (n, T are constant)

. IdealCharless
gas equation
of three gas
Law
: is
V a combination
T(n, P are constant)
laws:Avogadro s Law : V n(P, T are constant)

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Since V is proportional to 1/P, T and n then:

V (1/P)(T)(n)
PV
nT

= constant

PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Equation

or

nT
P

R
R is
is gas
gas constant.
constant. Unit
Unit
and
and value
value of
of R
R is
is depend
depend
on
on unit
unit of
of pressure
pressure and
and
volume
volume used.
used.
Pressure Unit R Value

R Unit

Atm

0.08206

L atm mol-1 K-1

Nm-2

8.314

Nm mol-1 K-1

Calculate the pressure exerted by 16.256 g of

O2 gas in a 15.0L flask at temperature 30C.
Mole of O2 gas =

16.256 = 0.508 mol

32

T = 30 0C = 303 K
R = 0.08206 L atm / mol K
By using the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT
nRT
P=
V
0.508 mol x 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 x 303 K
P=
15 L
P = 0.842 atm

What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl

at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K

PV = nRT
nRT
V=
P

P = 1 atm
1 mol HCl
n = 49.8 g x
= 1.37 mol
36.45 g HCl

1.37 mol x 0.0821 Latm

x 273.15 K
molK
V=
1 atm
V = 30.6 L

Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard

the vaporization of the filament. A certain
lightbulb containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18
0
C is heated to 85 0C at constant volume. What
is the final pressure of argon in the lightbulb (in
atm)?

PV = nRT n, V and R are constant

nR
= P = constant
T
V
P1
P2
=
T1
T2

P1 = 1.20 atm P2 = ?
T1 = 291 K
T2 = 358 K

T2
P2 = P1 x = 1.20 atm x358 K= 1.48 atm
291 K
T1

STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
REACTION
A balance equation can be used to related
moles or grams of substances taking part in a
reaction.
We use the Ideal gas law and the conversion
factor approach.

STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
Octane, C H is one of the hydrocarbons in gasoline. On combustion
REACTION
8

18

(burning in oxygen), octane produces carbon dioxide and water. How

many liters of O2, measured at 0.974 atm and 24C are required to
burn 1 g of octane?
1. The balance equation for the
reaction is

2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (g)

2. nO2
=
1.00 g C8H18

3. VO2
=

16CO2 + 18H2O

25 mol O2
1 mol C8H18
x
x
114.22 g C8H18 2 mol C8H18

nRT
P 0.109 mol x 0.0821 Latm
molK
=
0.974 atm

= 0.109 mol O2

x 297 K

= 2.73 L

STOICHIOMETRY OF GASEOUS
REACTION
What is the volume of CO produced at 37 C and 1.00 atm
0

when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:

C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g)

g C6H12O6

5.60 g C6H12O6 x

nRT
V=
=
P

6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

mol C6H12O6

mol CO2

V CO2

6 mol CO2
1 mol C6H12O6
x
= 0.187 mol CO2
180 g C6H12O6
1 mol C6H12O6
Latm
x 310.15 K
molK
1.00 atm

0.187 mol x 0.0821

= 4.76 L

Ideal gas equation can also be used to determine the

density of a gas.
Equation PV = nRT can be rearranged into:

Or

mRT
PV =
Mr
m RT
P=
V Mr
P Mr
d=
RT

where

where

n=

m
Mr

m
=d
V

Shows
Shows the
the gas
gas density
density is
is
proportional
proportional to
to the
the relative
relative
molecular
molecular mass
mass and
and gas
gas pressure
pressure
but
but is
is inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to
temperature
temperature (K)
(K)

Calculate the density of methane gas, CH4 in

unit g/L at temperature 25C and pressure
Mr= 16 gmol-1
0.978
atm.
By using equation:

P = 0.978 atm
R = 0.0821 L atm
-1
mol
K-1 K
T = 298

P Mr
d=
RT

d = 0.978 atm x 16 gmol-1

1
0.0806 L atm mol
K-1 x 298 K
d = 0.640 g/L
A gas has a density of 2.45 gdm-3 at 25C and
780mmHg. Determine its molar mass.

d RT
P=
Mr

780 =
760

2.45
x 0.0821 x 298
Mr

Mr =
58.4 g/mol

 Daltons Law of Partial Pressure the total

pressure of a mixture of gases in just the sum of
the pressures that each gas would exert if it were
present alone.

PJ = P 1 + P 2
+ P3

PJ is total pressure of gas mixture

and P1 + P2 + P3 is partial pressure
of gas 1, 2 and 3.

Partial pressure the pressure of individual gas

components in the mixture.
Therefore, the partial pressure is calculated using
ideal gas equation.

LTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSUR

V dan T
malar

P1

P2

n1RT
P1 =
V

n2RT
P2 =
V

Pjumlah = P1 + P2

RTIAL PRESSURE & MOLE FRACTI

The following relationship applies to a mixture
containing gas A (and gas B).

nART
PA =
V

Dividing PA by Ptotal gives:P

Ptotal
A

Ptota

ntotalRT
=
V

= nA
ntota

l
The fraction of nA/ntotal is l referred as mole fraction
of A in a mixture. It is the fraction of the total
number of moles that is accounted for by gas A.
Using XA to represent the mole fraction of A.

PA = XA PTotal

A gas mixture was found to contain 0.31 mol of

methane, 0.25 mol of ethane and 0.29 mol of
carbon dioxide. Calculate the partial pressure of
each gases in the mixture if the gas pressure is
2.0 atm.
Total mole of gas, n=
0.31 + 0.25 + 0.29
J
= 0.85 mol
Partial pressure of methane,=Pmet
nmetx PJ
nj
= 0.31x 2.0
0.85
= 0.73 atm

A gas mixture was found to contain 0.31 mol of

methane, 0.25 mol of ethane and 0.29 mol of
carbon dioxide. Calculate the partial pressure of
each gases in the mixture if the gas pressure is
2.0 atm.
Partial pressure of ethane, =
Pet net x P = 0.25x 2.0
J
nj
0.85
= 0.68 atm
Partial pressure of
CO2, PCO2

= nCO2x PJ = 0.29x 2.0

nj
0.85
= 0.68 atm

A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of

CH4, 0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of
C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is 1.37
atm, what is the partial pressure of propane
(C3H8)?

Pi = Xi PT
Xpropane

PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
= 0.0132
=
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm

= 0.0181 atm

REAL GASES & DEVIATION FROM

IDEAL BEHAVIOUR
Real gases have the following properties
i. Exists of weak attractive
force between molecules.
ii. Real gas molecules have
certain volume.
iii. Not adhere entirely with all
ideal gases law.

Real gases only shows ideal

behavior at high temperatures
and low pressures.
At low temperatures and high pressures, real gases
will show the deviation from the ideal gas.

EVIATION FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOU

Deviation from real gas behavior depend on
such factors as temperature, pressure and
attractive forces between gas molecules.
Repulsi
ve
Forces

The diagram shows all the

gas has ideal gas
behaviour at very low
pressure.

Attracti
ve
Forces

NON IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Since real gas is deviate from ideal gas, ideal gas
equation can not be used to calculate accurately.
Modification of the ideal gas law is made by taking
into consideration the volume of the molecules
and the attractive forces between molecules
that cause real gases deviate from ideal behaviour.
Factor of corrected pressure (an2/V2) and corrected
volume (nb) are included in the ideal gas equation.

P(
+

an2 (V nb) = nRT

V2 )

corrected corrected
pressure volume

Van der Waals Equation

NON IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Value of a and b is
depend on the
properties of gas
because molecular
volume and the
attractive forces
between molecules
differ from one gas
to another.
Value of a indicates
the strength
difference between
the molecular
attractive force,