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System
adenosine triphosphate
phosphocreatine
Lactic
Acid System
System
ATP-PC System
ATP
highest
ATP-PC System
Phosphocreatine
Rapid
Loading Protocol
of evidence for
ergogenic effects
1.
Basis
evidence
supplementation
of creatine does
result in increased muscle creatine
concentration
16% increase in muscle creatine after
6 day @ 20g/d
Hultman et al, JAP 81:232-237 (1996)
Performance Evidence
Ideal investigation:
RCT: Randomized Controlled Trials
double blind - placebo trials
14 active men
randomized, double blind w/ placebo
25g Cr/day for 6 days
Tested on three occasions
Before supplementation
After 6 days of placebo capsule supplementation
After 6 days of either placebo or creatine capsule
supplementation
A.
B.
A.
B.
Conclusion:
One week of creatine supplementation
(25g/d) enhances muscular performance
during repeated sets of bench press and
jump squat exercise.
Results
no significant differences in performance
times between trials or groups
no effect of Cr on post-exercise blood lactate
No consistent reports of
adverse affects
Few
studies with
adolescents
Recommendations?
Creatine kinase
ineffective as oral supplement
blood levels indicate muscle damage
Creatinine
waste product of creatine metabolism
blood levels reflect renal function
urine levels reflect
Total muscle mass
Dietary intake of creatine
CK
Dietary Supplements:
The NFL Players Association Recommendation
http://www.nflpa.org/members/main.asp?subPage=Steroid+Policy
Non-Permissible
creatine
Amino acids
Carnitine
Protein-powders and others
glycolysis
when:
lactic acidosis
Inhibits glycolytic enzymes
Training effects
improved aerobic capacity reducing lactate production
improved removal of lactate
Ergogenic aids
bicarbonate loading
carbohydrate
metabolism
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system
Plasma
membrane
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
ATP
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
NADH
Plasma
membrane
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate
ATP
NADH
Acetyl-CoA
Krebs
cycle
NADH
H2O
ATP
NADH
on tr
r
t
c
e
l
E
Plasma
membrane
ste
y
s
t
or
ansp
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
ATP
Extracellular fluid
CO2
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
O2
oxidation
oxidation
60
40
20
0
10s
1m
2m
4m
10m
30m
60m
130m
ATP-PC
Carbohydrates
Muscle glycogen
Blood glucose
Liver glycogen
- Triglycerides
Adipose triglycerides
Muscle triglyceride
Ketone bodies
partially oxidized fatty acids
produced in liver, burned in muscle
significant source of energy during prolonged endurance
exercise
muscle oxidation
(branched chain amino acids)
gluconeogenesis in liver from
amino acids
data
of experimental
Examples of
experimental data
Example 1:
Example 1:
initial
ATP
(umol/g)
4.6
PC
(umol/g)
17
exhaustion
3.4
3.7
recovery
4.0
18.8
Example 1:
Glycogen
Lactate
initial
88 ug/g
1.1 umol/g
exhausted
58
30.5
recovery
70
6.5
Key Points
Example 2:
Protocol
Example 2:
Glycogen
(untrained)
94 (umol/g)
39
22
11
0.6 (exhausted)
Glycogen
(trained)
100 (umol/g)
55
39
14
11
0.2 (exhausted)
Key Points
Glycogen primary source of fuel in
exercise lasting 60-90 minutes
Glycogen depletion associated with
fatigue
Rate of glycogen utilization rate higher
early in exercise, lower late in exercise
Utilization of glycogen lower in trained
athletes
Example 3:
Protocol
Trained and untrained subjects
Treadmill running at different % VO2 max
Muscle biopsies to determine rate of
muscle glycogen utilization
Example 3:
Key Points
Rate of glycogen utilization directly
related to intensity of exercise
Trained athletes utilize glycogen at
lower rates than untrained subjects at
same relative %VO2
Example 4:
Protocol
Trained runners
Treadmill test at %70% of VO2max
Muscle biopsies for glycogen determination
RPE evaluation
Key Points
Glycogen utilization rate highest early in
exercise
Muscle glycogen concentration
inversely related to rating of perceived
exertion
Example 5:
Example 5:
Key Points
Initial Glycogen Levels and Endurance
During treadmill running, time to
exhaustion is correlated with initial
muscle glycogen content
Muscle glycogen content is affected by
diet
Example 6a:
Example 6b:
Key Points
Diet and Soccer Performance
Glycogen depletion is possible during
soccer play
Initial glycogen content affects time
spent running and total active time
Example 7:
Example 7:
Key Points:
Effect of Successive Days of Intense Training on
Glycogen Content
Decreased
Substrates
Levels of Energy
decreased
phosphocreatine levels
decreased muscle glycogen
decreased blood glucose
hypoglycemia
Acid-Base Balance
lactic acidosis
Decreased
Oxygen Transport
Core Body
Temperature
dehydration
environmental conditions
Disturbed
Electrolyte Balance