Central Dogma of

Molecular Genetics

DNA REPLICATION

Double stranded DNA is separated

Each parent strand is used as template
Occurs in 5 to 3 direction
Nucleotide is added on 3 end of
daughter strand
Begins at specific area of a DNA
molecule
Origin of replication

Origin of
Replication
Area of active replication
Replication fork

Molecules involved in DNA

Replication
A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

Helicases
Single Stranded Binding
Proteins
Topoisomerases
Primase
DNA Polymerase
DNA Ligase

A. Helicase

Unwinds strands of double

helix

B. Single Stranded
Binding Proteins

Bind DNA strands to keep them separated

C. Topoisomerases
Avoids supercoiling of areas outside the replication fork
DNA gyrase is a topoisomerase found only in prokaryotes

D. Primase
Adds short sequences of RNA primers
DNA polymerase cannot begin to add nucleotides without a primer

E. DNA polymerase
Adds new nucleotides to daughter strand
Held in place by beta clamp and clamp loader

Continuous Synthesis
Occurs on 5 to 3 of parent strand
Leading strand

Discontinuous Synthesis
Occurs on 3 to 5 of parent strand
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments

DNA Polymerase III

Binds the Okazaki fragments to the RNA primer

DNA Polymerase I
Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides

F. DNA ligase

Bonds fragments and nucleotides

Prokaryotes:
-Polymerase I
-Polymerase II
-Polymerase III
Eukaryotes:
-Polymerase
-Polymerase
-Polymerase

TRANSCRIPTION

Mechanism by which a template

strand of DNA is utilized by specific
RNA polymerases to generate one
of the four distinct classifications
of RNA

Four Classes of RNA

A.

B.

C.

D.

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)
Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)
Small RNAs

1. Messenger RNAs
(mRNAs)
Genetic coding templates
used by the translational
machinery to determine the
order of amino acids
incorporated into an
elongating polypeptide

2. Transfer RNAs
(tRNAs)
Class of small RNAs
Form covalent attachments to
individual amino acids
Recognize encoded
sequences of the mRNAs to
allow correct insertion of
amino acids into the
elongating polypeptide chain

3. Ribosomal RNAs
(rRNAs)
Assembled to form ribosomes
Form a catalytic domain into
which the tRNAs enter with
their attached amino acids
Proteins of ribosomes
catalyze all of the functions of
polypeptide synthesis

4. Small RNAs

Examples of Small RNAs

Small nuclear RNAs
(snRNAs) involved in RNA
splicing
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
involved in the modulation of
gene expression through the
alteration of mRNA activity

RNA Splicing
Removal of introns and joining of exons
Introns- intervening sequences
Exons- expressed sequences

mRNA Codon Chart

Are stop codons exons or

intron?
Nonsense codon

Steps in Transcription

1. Initiation
RNA polymerase binds to a DNA
region known as a promoter
No primer is needed
2. Elongation
3. Termination
RNA polymerase releases from the
DNA template strand and leaves DNA

TRANSLATION

Process of protein synthesis using

information contained in mRNA

Stages in Translation
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

1. Initiation
A small ribosomal subunit binds to the start of the mRNA sequence
A transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying the amino acid methionine binds to the start codon (AUG) of the mRNA sequence
A large ribosomal subunit binds to form the complete initiation complex

2. Elongation
The ribosome continues to translate each codon
Each corresponding amino acid is added to the growing chain and linked via a bond called a peptide bond
Elongation continues until all of the codons are read

3. Termination
Occurs when the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, and UGA)
Since no tRNA molecule can recognize these codons, the ribosome recognizes that translation is complete
New protein is released, and translation complex comes apart

Group 4 MLS 3-C BSci

121M
Kristah Louisse Perez
Frennie Tababa
Jeanette Tanallon
Sheena Lyn Tinasas
Yell Umahag